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Study Guide for Chapter 12-Muscles
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Review the first few pages of the chapter to relearn the anatomy and terminology.
What is a “Motor Unit”?
Study figure 12.3, know all of the anatomical parts.
What are fibers? What are myofibrils, myofilaments (filaments), sarcomeres?
Be able to draw the structure of a sarcomere much as I did on the board. Use figures 12.6,12.7,12.8 as
guides.
What is the “Sliding Filament” theory?
What are “Cross Bridges”? What are the 2 binding sites on the myosin head?
What is the actual structure of a thin filament? (See fig. 12.10)
What is a “Power Stroke”? What is the role of Ca++ in contraction?
What does the term “Rigor Mortis” mean?
Know the 10 steps of “Excitation-Contraction Coupling” (posted on my home page.)
What is the mechanism that brings Ca ++ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What do the terms “Twitch”, “Summation”, and “Tetanus” mean?
What do “Isotonic” and “Isometric” contractions mean?
What is the “Series Elastic Component”? What is its significance?
Understand the “Length-Tension” relationship for skeletal muscle. Fig. 12.21 (Fig.12.20)
Why does the strength of contraction decrease if the muscle is either stretched or shortened from its
normal length?
What is the “Preferred” fuel for skeletal muscle at rest? What does it use while exercising?
What is an “Oxygen Debt”?
What benefit do we get from Phosphocreatine?
What are “Slow” and “Fast” twitch fibers? What are “red” or “white” fibers? Which are “oxidative”?
Which are “glycolytic”? What do these terms mean?
Read about the various causes of muscle fatigue.
What are “upper” and “lower” motor neurons? Where is each found?
What is “muscle atrophy”?
Study Fig. 12.28 (12.26) and learn the various parts of the muscle spindle apparatus.
Be able to describe: monosynaptic reflexes, Golgi tendon reflex, and reciprocal inhibition,
and crossed extensor reflex. Figs: 12.29 (12.27), 12.30 (12.28), 12.31 (12.29), 12.32 (12.30)
How can a sensory neuron cause both EPSPs and IPSPs on 2 different motor neurons?
What are the “Pyramidal” and “Extrapyramidal” tracts?
Review Fig. 8.27 (8.26) in chapter 8.
Review the differences in structure between skeletal and cardiac muscle.
How does smooth muscle differ from striated muscle in structure?
What are “single unit” and “multiunit” smooth muscle?