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April 5th, 2002
Causes of World War I
1)Nationalism
?Biggest cause of the First World War
?At the root of all problems
-British Nationalism
?German rival naval fleet prompts British to increase their own
?Trade opposition (Germany)
?Germany was producing more coal and steal than Britain " France together, makes the
British mad
?Britain's nationalism is due to their concern over Germany
-Germany's Nationalism
?Driven by their newfound confidence over becoming a big power
?Ahead in trade; economics
-France's Nationalism
?As a loss of Alsace - Lorraine they decline economically while Germany grows
?They are weakened by a brand new nation
?They are very bitter
?Bad history with Germany and Bismarck
-Russian Nationalism
?Access to warm water waterways (they need them)
?Nationalism, expanding Russia under the umbrella of pan-Slavism (going into the
Balkans)
?Want to unite the Slavic peoples
?Going into the Balkans would be profitable
?Wanted Balkans so this put them into direct conflict with Austria-Hungary because they
also wanted it too.
-Austria-Hungary Nationalism
?Conflict, over wanting to go into the Balkans with Russia
?Having many different peoples in Austria-Hungary
ØItalians, Germans, Slavs, Poles, etc.
?Fed on a fear for an empire break-up
?Looking for more territories because they had lost so much
?Heightened tension in the Balkans
-Italian Nationalism
?When Italy gained Venetia Rome and the rest she didn't get all the ones she wanted
?Italians were still bitter that ½ the population of Austria-Hungary was not
German/Magar
?Italy was bitter over the Italian states Austria-Hungary still controlled
Italy sided with Austria-Hungary for one day over the territories they wanted and the
threat of France attacking Italy. Italy sided with Austria-Hungary because of what they
needed and who was the bigger threat. They joined the other side when Britain came into
the war. At that time Austria-Hungary was the lesser of two evils. When the other side
was winning Italy switched immediately, over the prospect of gaining the states they
wanted. It was a weak alliance to begin with between Austria-Hungary and Italy.
April 6th, 2002
Acute Nationalism
-Do not have any international organizations to go into hotspots and mediate
-They couldn't see all the problems and where they hotspots were
-Great emotional desire for independence and political independence on the part of
sovereign nations
-Balkan's experiencing acute tension because of the Austria-Hungarian interest in the
Balkans
?Austria-Hungary wants the Balkans
?Serbia wants to be independent
?Fierce nationalism
Austria-Hungary (prior)
-12 million Germans
-10 million Magyars (Hungarians)
-21 million Slavs, Italians, Romania
-In Serbia there was a strong nationalistic militant group who was very interested in the
"Pan-Slavism" movement
-Pan Slavism
?Nationalist movement for the political and cultural solidity of all Slavic peoples.
?It originated in Russia to promote their nationalism
?Russia considered themselves the "protector" of the Slavs
?Its opposition was the "Pan-Germanium" movement
2)Economic Rivalry
-Or Economic Imperialism
-Prior to WWI there was a lot of competition between different nations
-Mainly between 1875-1900
-Nationalism drove the competition
-Nations wanting:
?Power
?Prestige
?Land for defense
?Cheap labor
-France vs. Great Britain
-The colonial struggle was mostly for looking for:
?Looking for different markets
?Investing in other countries
-William II had ambitious foreign policy and kept going into areas owned by others
-Italy was ignored
?Italy was the weakest link
?Sides with whoever promises her what she wants/ her unredeemed territories
?Italy is not a major player in the Economic Rivalries Game
-Germany came late into the game
3)Rival Alliances
-Bismarck started the rival alliances feeling he need3ed to protect Germany from France
-All the alliances that were formed were strictly strategic and defensive
-One part of Bismarck's foreign policy had failed in 1873, Drei Kaiserbund, or the Three
Emperors League
?Between Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Germany
?A common bond between the 3 emperors to protect their common interests
?Didn't worked because Russia and Austria-Hungary had conflicting interests in the
Balkans, Drei Kaiserbund failed in 1878
-The Duel Alliance
?1879
?Germany and Austria-Hungary
?Joined because the expansion of Russia was a threat to both countries
?Terms
I.Germany assured Austria of protection should Russia attack Austria
II.Each would assist each other in the event of a Russia attack
III.If either were attacked by another power the other would remain neutral
-The Triple Alliance
?1882
?Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
?Bismarck gains and alliance with Italy by telling Italy that France is going to annex
Tunisia, Italy's territory
?Bismarck told France that he wouldn't interfere if they annexed Tunisia
?A year later France annexes Tunisia in 1981 at the encouragement of Bismarck
?Italy asks to join Germany in an alliance
?Terms
i.Austria and Germany would support Italy if she were attacked by without provocation
ii.Italy would support Austria-Hungary and Germany if they were attacked by two or
more great powers
iii.Italy insisted that the triple alliance would not go against Britain
April 8th,2002
-Re-Insurance Treaty
?1887-1890
?to be three years but it could be renewed
?Russia came to Germany and asked for a treaty
?Russia wanted to remove all possible allies for France as did Germany
?Terms
i.If either nation was involved in a war then the other would remain neutral unless Russia
attacked Austria-Hungary or if Germany attacked France
Clause: Germany agreed to give Russia diplomatic support in her ambitions in the
Balkans
(Odd because Bismarck is now supporting two countries in their interests in the Balkans;
Austria-Hungary and Russia)
?Russia gets diplomatic support in her interests with the Balkans
?Germany gets security from France
oIn 1890 when this treaty is to be renewed:
<Bismarck left office because William I died and William II became Kaiser
<William II had conflicting views with Bismarck over foreign policy
<William II did not renew the treaty which was not a wise decision
?Russia could now side with France because they are both looking for allies
?Russia is now a loose fish that Germany no longer has in their pocket
-The Duel Entente
?1894
?Stems from mutual need to have alliances
?France and Russia seek each other out
?No formal agreement
?Terms:
i.Russia agreed to go to war against Germany if France was attacked by Germany or if
France were attacked by Germany and Italy combined
ii.France agreed to support Russia if she were attacked by Germany or by Germany and
Austria-Hungary
-Britain to this point has been a big player who has not yet entered into any alliances
because:
1)She is for the most part an isolationist and has an isolationist foreign policy
2)Geography - they are an island and don't need to go anywhere
-Britain doesn't feel threatened yet
?She hasn't been challenged yet so she has no interest in an alliance yet
-Britain also has problems with Russia
?Persia/ Afghanistan
?Afghanistan was a former colony of Britain, until Russia took over Afghanistan
?Russia and Britain under conflict over these two areas
-Fashoda Incident
?1898
?In Africa
?When France was looking for colonies in Africa they came into conflict with the British
?The conflict was over whose flag should fly over a fort in the Sudan
?Egypt didn't pay some loans so the British sent in troops
?Troops were sent in because Egypt was an interest of Britain's
?When the troops were in Britain started to expand her influence
?Britain goes further into the interior and raises a flag (2nd flag)
?The French went in and raised another flag 500 miles of the British flag
?The British came in armed and made France back down
?In the end the French withdrew form Fashoda
?The Congo-Nile Watershed
ØSeparated the two; British vs. French
ØResolved the conflict by splitting the land down the watershed area, the Nile
Watershed, no more conflict.
-The Boer War
?1899-1902
?Dutch settlers vs. British in South Africa
?British lost which was surprising
?Kaiser William II sent a telegram to the Boer Leader congratulating him on his victory.
?A warning to the British about the dangers of having an isolationist policy
-Germany also had a very strong land-army
-1897-1898 - German Naval Laws
?almost triples the strength of the German navy
?16 battleships increased to 45 battleships
-1990; the navy was further expanded and the number of naval ship doubled from 45 to
90
-Fearing an arms race Britain asked for a talk with the Kaiser about limiting the number
of boats that the countries could have or that they could build
?The Kaiser refused and the Brits start building up even further their sizable navy
-Entente Cordialle
?Verbal agreement only; no formal agreement
?France and Britain
?This entente was to get rid of their tensions in North Africa
?Territorial agreements only
April 9th, 2002
-The Triple Entante
?Britain, France, and Russia
?All concerned about Germany
?Britain and Russia have a few problems with territory
ØAfghanistan; Chain; Manhuia
ØThese problems have to be dealt with before they can have military agreements
ØBoth countries wanted these areas in light of their interests and investments in them
?The Anglo-Russia Convention prepared the way for the Triple Entante because Britain
and Russia had resolved their differences
?A diplomatic agreement only
ØNo terms
-Anglo-Russia Convention
?1907
?Able to resolve their differences in light of Germany's threats
?Terms of the Anglo-Russian Convention
1.Russia agreed that Afghanistan was not within her sphere of influence
2.Britain agreed to grant Russia trading rights in Afghanistan
3.The two nations divided Persia into 3 zones
a.Great Britain got the southern zone
b.Russia got the northern zone
c.The middle zone was shared between only Russia and Britain
-Germany now feels encircled
?Why is everybody ganging up on them
-All the alliances were defensive
-By 1907:
?Germany was the greatest power due to great military; strong economic growth
?Germany is strongest on the continent
?Britain was still on top in the view of the world
?Germany was now competing in markets that Britain had previously dominated
?Britain was getting very mad
?Germany had good banks, railways, dyes, trading, and electrical
4)New Militarism/ Arms Race prior to World War I
-Prior to WWI everybody on the continent except Britain had adopted compulsory
military training
?This was largely defensive
?They wanted to be prepared
?They had standing armies
-Prior to WWI almost 4 ½ million men were under arms
-All major countries had battle strategies for scenarios in some place/ any place if war
was to break out
-("If you prepare for war then you will go to war")
-Military started to exercise a lot of decision making in these countries
-2 billion per year before World War I was spent for armies
5)International Anarchy
-Lack of international organizations
-No intermediates
-A lot of national self-interests
?Not about dealing with international co-operation
?All for me
-This gave way to double dealings and secret alliances
-A mutual mistrust between all countries
-Mostly between the two alliances
-The media exasperates the problems
?Slamming unfortunate mistakes
?Not open enough so that the people know that's not that bad
April 23rd, 2002
-The First Moroccan Crisis
?1905
?Caused by Kaiser William II
?He visited Tangier
?Goes into Morocco and tells the Moroccans that he will support them in independence
to:
ØJab at France
ØTest the Entante Cordiale
?England and France stick together
?Except for Austria-Hungary and Germany all the major countries accept that Morocco is
in France's sphere of influence
ØNo intention of going in; he just wanted to see what the result would be, if the Entante
Cordiale would hold
-Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
?Annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908
?Going into Serbian territories
?This infuriated Russia and Serbia
?100 million Slavs in the annexed area
?Austria-Hungary and Russia prepare to go to war
?Russia backs down because she was not strong enough to go against Austria-Hungary
and Germany
?This almost brings the Triple Entante and the Triple Alliance to blows
?This permanently allies Russia and Serbia against Germany and Austria-Hungary
?Austria-Hungary was confidant that:
ØGermany would come in with her in war in the Balkans
ØRussia and Serbia would back down again
?Serbia and Russia never want to back down again or be humiliated again, this drives
their nationalism
-The other groups nationalism was driven by the fact that they felt that they could
confidently expand their empire into territories that they didn't own
-Nationalism of both countries was driven by opposing factors
April 24th, 2002
-2nd Moroccan Crisis
?1911
?French troops have to occupy a territory to put down an uprising
?Germany sends in a gunboat called "the Panther" to help the Moroccans
?Germany and France go into negotiations
?Great Britain prepares for war
?Germany will not interfere with Morocco again in return for the part of the French
Congo
ØFrance left very bitter over this
?This is an example of the tactic "give them what they want to keep them happy"
-The Balkan Wars; 1912-1913
-The First Balkan War; 1912-1913
?War over expansion
?Between several countries vying for expansion into new territories
?Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro
?Against Turkey
?Turkey had previously controlled all of this
?Serbia and Montenegro wanted access to the Mediterranean
?Bulgaria and Serbia wanted to expand into Macedonia
?Turkey gets beaten
?Losers were venerable to being attracted to others with similar interests
ØTurkey may align with Germany and Austria-Hungary
?Austria-Hungary blocks Serbia from getting access to the Adriatic
?Russia forced to back down again
?The compromise: Albania
-2nd Balkan War; 1913
?Serbia, Greece, Romania, Turkey
?Vs. Bulgaria
?Caused by Serbia wanting Macedonian territory from the Bulgarians
?Bulgaria didn't get what they wanted
?Bulgaria got beaten quite badly
oResult
<All Balkan nations with the exception o Bulgaria expand their territory
<Bulgaria venerable to join other countries with the same interests
<Serbia very bitter because Austria-Hungary forced her to give up some territory along
the Adriatic
<Increased tension between Russia and Austria-Hungary
<Group the "Young Turks" picked up steam
<Group to promote Turkish issues
Direct Events Leading Up to the Events of World War I
-The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
?Archduke Francis Ferdinand the heir apparent was inspecting troops for the annual troop
review in Sarajevo
?This was a hotbed spot for nationalistic activity
?Not enough security
?Black Hand extremist, terrorist nationalist group for Serbia
ØTheir cause was for the country, Serbia
ØWould use violence
ØUnion of black death assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand
?First attempt failed, was on the same day as the actual assassination
?Assassination June 28th, 1914
April 29th, 2002
-Great Britain came in on July 3rd, 1914
-Great Britain mobilized faster than Germany had expected
-Italy backed out because Great Britain came in
-Italy was a fence sitter until 1915 when she joined the Entantes because the Entantes
seemed to be winning
-Japan declared war on Germany on August 23rd
-Turkey and Germany signed a secret treaty vs. Russia
-Naval operations started against Russia leady by Turkey on October 29th, 1914
-Russia declared war on Turkey on November 2nd, 1914
-Italy declared war against Austria-Hungary on May 23rd, 1915
-Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on October 1915
-Romania joined the Allies on August 1916
-U.S.A joined World War I in 1917; almost at the end of the war
-Central Powers
?Germany
?Austria-Hungary
?*Italy; for two days
?Turkey
?Bulgaria
-Allies
?Great Britain
ØIreland (N), Scotland, Wales, Canada, New Zeland, Indies and Britain's colonial
Empire
?France
ØAnd her colonial empire
?Belgium
ØNeutral
ØFights Germany but not by choice
?Russians
?Serbia
?Montenegro
?Greece
?Romania
?Japan
?Italy
?U.S.A
?14 other countries - parts of the empire
Advantages of the Allies
-Manpower; they outnumbered the Central Powers 2:1
-Resources
?Supplies
-The Allies had about 40 million men armed and mobilized vs. 20 million for the Central
Powers
-Strategy wanted to attack Germany on two fronts
-Germany tried to eliminate this by the plan of attacking France through Belgium, then
attacking Russia
-(World War I was the first major industrialized war; the old plans were outdated.
Strategy lagged behind technology, they were trying to fight new wars with old
strategies)
Advantages of the Central Powers
-Geography
?More movement
?Controlled the heartland
-Superior army
?Due to them being seasoned
ØFranco-Prussia War, etc.
-Unity of command
?They have generals with experience, who have commanded in war situations
-Strategy
?Schlieffen plan
<Originator died so modifications could not be made
<Take Paris before the British can get in to help
<Then go to Russia
<All based on the assumption that they would not have to fight a two front war
-Important things to look at during the war
?Impact f new technology and its impact on changing the face of battle and the nature of
warfare
?Campaigns/ Battles that change the course/ outcome of the war
ØStudy of warfare; need to change
?Turning points; marquee events
ØThere were no turning points as such in world war I because they reached a stalemate,
and had continuous trench warfare
?Total war
ØThere is no such thing as a non-combatant
ØZeppelin raids
?Bombs dropped over central Europe
Keywords:
april causes world nationalism biggest cause first world root problems british nationalism
german rival naval fleet prompts british increase their trade opposition germany germany
producing more coal steal than britain france together makes british britain nationalism
their concern over germany driven their newfound confidence over becoming power
ahead trade economics france loss alsace lorraine they decline economically while grows
they weakened brand nation they very bitter history with bismarck russian access warm
water waterways need them expanding russia under umbrella slavism going into balkans
want unite slavic peoples going into balkans would profitable wanted balkans this them
into direct conflict with austria hungary because also wanted austria hungary conflict
over wanting with russia having many different peoples austria hungary italians germans
slavs poles fear empire break looking more territories because lost much heightened
tension italian when italy gained venetia rome rest didn ones wanted italians were still
bitter that population german magar italy bitter italian states still controlled italy sided
territories threat france attacking sided because what needed bigger threat joined other
side when britain came that time lesser evils when other side winning switched
immediately prospect gaining states weak alliance begin between april acute have
international organizations hotspots mediate couldn problems where hotspots were great
emotional desire independence political independence part sovereign nations balkan
experiencing acute tension hungarian interest wants serbia wants independent fierce prior
million germans million magyars hungarians million slavs italians romania serbia there
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imperialism prior there competition between different nations mainly between drove
competition nations wanting power prestige land defense cheap labor great colonial
struggle mostly looking looking different markets investing other countries william
ambitious foreign policy kept going areas owned others ignored weakest link sides
whoever promises what wants unredeemed territories major player economic rivalries
game came late game rival alliances bismarck started rival alliances feeling need protect
from alliances that were formed strictly strategic defensive part bismarck foreign policy
failed drei kaiserbund three emperors league common bond emperors protect common
interests didn worked conflicting interests drei kaiserbund failed duel alliance joined
expansion threat both countries terms assured protection should attack each would assist
each event attack either attacked another power would remain neutral triple alliance gains
telling annex tunisia territory told wouldn interfere annexed tunisia year later annexes
tunisia encouragement asks join terms support attacked without provocation support
attacked more great powers insisted triple against april insurance treaty three years could
renewed came asked treaty remove possible allies terms either nation involved then
remain neutral unless clause agreed give diplomatic support ambitions supporting
countries interests gets diplomatic gets security from this treaty renewed left office
william died william became kaiser conflicting views foreign policy renew which wise
decision could side both allies loose fish longer pocket duel entente stems from mutual
need have seek each formal agreement agreed against combined agreed this point been
player entered most part isolationist isolationist geography island anywhere doesn feel
threatened hasn been challenged interest also problems persia afghanistan afghanistan
former colony until took afghanistan under conflict these areas fashoda incident africa
colonies africa whose flag should fort sudan egypt didn some loans sent troops troops
sent egypt interest troops started expand influence goes further interior raises flag flag
french went raised another miles armed made back down french withdrew form fashoda
congo nile watershed separated french resolved splitting land down watershed area nile
watershed boer dutch settlers south africa lost which surprising kaiser sent telegram boer
leader congratulating victory warning about dangers having isolationist also very strong
land army german naval laws almost triples strength navy battleships increased
battleships navy further expanded number naval ship doubled fearing arms race asked
talk kaiser about limiting number boats could have build refused brits start building even
further sizable navy entente cordialle verbal agreement only formal agreement entente
tensions north territorial agreements only triple entante concerned about territory chain
manhuia these dealt before military agreements both these areas light investments them
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able resolve differences light threats anglo russian convention within sphere influence
grant trading rights divided persia zones southern zone northern zone middle zone shared
feels encircled everybody ganging defensive greatest military strong growth strongest
continent still view world competing markets previously dominated getting good banks
railways dyes trading electrical militarism arms race prior everybody continent except
adopted compulsory military training largely defensive prepared standing armies almost
under arms major battle strategies scenarios some place place break prepare then will
started exercise decision making billion year before spent armies international anarchy
lack international organizations intermediates national self dealing operation gave double
dealings secret mutual mistrust mostly media exasperates slamming unfortunate mistakes
open enough people know first moroccan crisis caused visited tangier goes morocco tells
moroccans will independence test entante cordiale england stick together except major
accept morocco sphere influence intention just what result cordiale hold annexation
bosnia herzegovina annexed serbian infuriated serbia annexed area prepare backs down
enough against almost brings blows permanently allies confidant come back again never
want back again humiliated again drives groups driven fact felt confidently expand
empire driven opposing factors moroccan crisis occupy territory uprising sends gunboat
called panther help moroccans negotiations prepares will interfere morocco return congo
left example tactic give want keep happy balkan wars first balkan expansion several
vying expansion bulgaria greece montenegro turkey turkey previously controlled
montenegro access mediterranean bulgaria expand macedonia turkey gets beaten losers
venerable being attracted others similar align blocks getting access adriatic forced
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beaten quite badly oresult exception venerable join same forced give some along adriatic
increased tension group young turks picked steam group promote turkish issues direct
events leading events assassination archduke francis ferdinand archduke francis ferdinand
heir apparent inspecting annual troop review sarajevo hotbed spot nationalistic activity
enough security black hand extremist terrorist nationalist cause country violence union
black death assassinated archduke francis ferdinand attempt failed same actual
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until joined entantes entantes seemed winning japan declared august signed secret
operations leady october declared november declared central powers october romania
august central powers days ireland scotland wales canada zeland indies colonial empire
colonial belgium neutral fights choice russians montenegro greece japan parts advantages
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tried eliminate plan attacking through belgium then attacking industrialized plans
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command generals experience commanded situations strategy schlieffen plan originator
died modifications made take paris before help based assumption fight front important
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