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The Middle Ages: Europe A.D. 450 – 1300 Key Terms Roman Empire – What contributions did the Roman Empire make to Europe? Military stability and unity What happened in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? Hostile invasions of the Germanic tribes, the Visigoths, Lombards, Franks and Anglo-Saxons resulted in war and chaos Feudalism – Describe this social caste system. Vassalage – one lord swears allegiance to another in exchange for privileges. Feudalism is a hierarchy; at the top of the pyramid is the king, followed by his noble, knights, then at the bottom, the serfs or peasants Charlemagne – Why is he called the Father of Europe? Charles the Great, King of the Franks, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. His reign resulted in the stability and unity not found in Europe since the Romans Crusades – What were the Crusades? Christian knights fought in eight major crusades. What did they experience? Pope Urban II urged European knights to reclaim the Holy Land, Israel and Jordan, from the Muslims. Ultimately, the mission was a failure; however, the knights were able to bring back spices, textiles and other products. This created a desire for trade in the east – The Silk Road. Towns in Europe became large cities. The Code of Chivalry – Who followed the code of Chivalry and what did it detail? Knights practiced chivalry, the term comes from the French word for horse. Knights pledged loyalty and were obliged to protect and defend the weak, especially women. Courtly Love – Who practiced courtly love? Courtly love was a platonic relationship between lords and ladies. What was its purpose? The love of a woman was believed to give the knight spiritual purity. Important Dates The Roman Empire falls in 476, yet Christianity remains throughout Europe. It is the one unifying element among the warring European nations. 600s A.D. – Buddhism spreads throughout Tibet. 711 – The Moors invade Spain 778 – Charlemagne battles the Moors and by 1800, he has dominion over most of Western Europe. 800s – Viking invasions. Pillaging and plundering! 1066 – William the Conqueror (a rumored descendent of the great Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great who lives in France) decides England should be his. He invades and conquers! 1095 – Crusades to claim the Holy Land from the Muslims. 1215 – King John of England signs the Magna Carta! Due process is a good thing! Late 1300s – Universities, towns along the Silk Road, windmills and papermills! It’s time to begin a Renaissance! Literature of the Middle Ages Latin was the language of the church and the court. Commoners spoke their own vernacular language (Old English, Old Dutch, Old German, etc.) and could not read or write Latin. Epic Heroes from the North: Germany, Iceland, Scandinavia (oral tradition) Troubadour Poetry – Southern France. Poems about Courtly Love. Romances pp. 596 – 597 1. What is the origin of the word romance? The French word roman means novel 2. What is a legend? Traditional stories from the past that are based on historical fact 3. Describe the romance hero. A knight, king or brave warrior who follows the code of chivalry which values courage, virtue, piety and loyalty. Another characteristic of the hero is his humble origins; he later discovers his heroic identity. 4. What was the nature of the heroic quest? The hero’s dangerous journey in search of something valuable 5. What were supernatural elements in a romance? Exotic or magical settings, werewolves 6. What are symbols and archetypes? Symbols are people, places, things, or animals that suggest a meaning larger than itself. Archetypes are symbolic elements that appears in literature, mythology or folklore from many different cultures. Water is an archetype associated with life and rebirth in many cultures.