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What you need to Know for Chapter 1 Quiz Review Introduction to Biochemistry note: o Key definitions: energy (definition and laws), inorganic molecules, organic molecules, acids, bases, pH, & buffers) Review Organic Chemistry note: o Key definitions: isomers (3 types), polymer, monomer, condensation reaction, hydrolysis reaction, functional group, hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, cyclic hydrocarbons) o Be able to recognize and name the functional groups we discussed. o Be able to draw a condensation or hydrolysis reactions (for sugars, lipids, and amino acids) Review Carbohydrates Note: o Key definitions: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, & glycosidic linkage o What is the function of carbohydrates? o Be able to draw alpha glucose, beta glucose, galactose, and fructose o Describe the differences between the different glycosidic linkages (i.e alpha versus beta and location (1,4 vs 1,6). o What are some common disaccharides? o Describe the structure and function of key polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin) Review Lipid Note: o Key definitions: ester linkage o What is the function of the difference classes of lipids? o Explain general structural features of triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and sterols (steroids) o Compare fats to oils (saturated versus unsaturated – how do they differ? Review Protein note: o Key definitions: amino acids, essential amino acid, peptide bond o What are the functions of polypeptides? o Describe the general structure of amino acids – what is the R group? o Describe the 4 levels of protein structure o What important interactions keep peptides folded? What influences this folding? o What are enzymes? What factors affect their activity? Review Nucleic Acids note: o What is the general structure of a nucleotide? o In which way are DNA and RNA nucleotides different/similar? o Describe the structure of DNA, RNA, and ATP Review Introduction to Metabolism note: o Key definitions: metabolism, free energy, exergonic, endergonic, entropy) o How do living cells maintain disequilibrium? o Draw a graph of an endergonic reaction/exergonic reaction Review Enzyme note: o Key definitions: substrate, active site, allosteric site, inhibitor, activator, cofactor, and coenzyme o Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme activity o Describe the different ways in which enzymes can be controlled o Describe feedback inhibition