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INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
CRUST
MANTLE
The iron and nickel layer
that is very hot but remains
solid due to great pressure
The molten iron and nickel
layer that is the main
source of the Earth’s
magnetic field
The thin, rigid, and rocky
outer surface of the Earth
The layer made of loose,
rocky material that is
sometimes soft that
reaches the Earth’s surface
through volcanoes
LAVA
Hot liquid, molten rock that
is above the Earth’s surface
MAGMA
THEORY OF PLATE
TECTONICS
PANGAEA
CONVERGENT
BOUNDARY
DIVERGENT
BOUNDARY
Hot liquid, molten rock that
is beneath the Earth’s
surface
The Earth’s surface is
broken into large pieces
that are in a state of
constant movement
The supercontinent that
existed 250 million years
ago
Where two plates come
together or collide
Where two plates move
away from each other
TRANSFORM
BOUNDARY
VOLCANO
EARTHQUAKE
Where two plates slide past
each other
Formed at convergent and
divergent boundaries and is
the opening in the crust
where lava flows
Formed at transform
boundaries and is the
sudden release of built up
energy in the crust
FAULT
A break or crack in the
Earth’s crust
PLATE
An enormous, ridged block
of crust floating on the soft
rock of the mantle that
moves very slow
MID-OCEAN RIDGES
Long chains of mountains
under the ocean
RING OF FIRE
SEISMOGRAPH
SUBDUCTION
WEATHERING
A circle of volcanoes that
surrounds the Pacific
Ocean
A tool that scientists use to
measure the strengths of
earthquakes
The process in which one
plate is pushed downward
beneath another plate into
the mantle
The process of breaking
rock into silt, sand, clay, or
sediment
DEPOSITION
EROSION
The process of dropping, or
depositing, sediment in a
new location
The process of moving
sediment from one place
to another; caused by
water, wind, people,
animals, or gravity
SEDIMENT
Small, broken pieces of
rock
PHYSICAL
WEATHERING
CHEMICAL
WEATHERING
Changes the size of the
rock but not what it is
made of; caused by water,
temperature, wind, and
plants
Breaks down rocks through
chemical reactions by
creating a new substance
(Ex: acid rain, rust)
FOSSIL
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCK
METAMORPHIC ROCK
ROCK CYCLE
Remains or traces/imprint
of animals, plants, and
other organisms from the
past
Rocks formed from
sediments that have been
pressed and cemented into
rock
Rocks formed by the
cooling and hardening of
magma or lava
Rock formed when
sedimentary or igneous
rocks are changed due to
heat, pressure, or chemical
reactions
The continuous process of
rocks changing from one
type to another over time