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Chapter 7 How Cells Harvest Energy 7.1 Overview of Respiration Autotrophs Heterotrophs Cellular respiration Dehydrogenation Redox reactions Aerobic Anaerobic Fermentation Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) Electron transport chains ATP Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting Glucose Occurs in the cytoplasm Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules First stage is endergonic Second stage is exergonic NET PRODUCTS: 2 molecules of pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 H2O 7.3 The Oxidation of Pyruvate to Produce Acetyl-CoA Occurs in the mitochondria Formation of Acetyl-CoA NET PRODUCTS: 2 CO2 2 NADH 7.4 Kreb’s Cycle Occurs in the mitochondria Cyclic pathway NET PRODUCTS: 6 NADH 2FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2 7.5 Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis Occurs in the mitochondria NADH and FADH2 donate electrons producing ATP ATP synthase NET PRODUCTS: 34 ATP 4 H2O 7.6 Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration TOTAL NET YIELD FROM AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Glycolysis 2ATP Krebs 2 ATP ETC 34 ATP 38 ATP Energy yield can fluctuate. ***Your textbook provides a modified energy yield of 32 ATP due to alternate calculations of ATP generated from electron carriers. We will discuss these alternate calculations in class*** 7.7 Regulation of Aerobic Respiration feedback inhibition 7.8 Oxidation Without Oxygen Anaerobic cellular respiration uses the same pathway already described, but it does not use oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor Fermentation Starts with glycolysis Ethanol fermentation: Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde Lactic Acid fermentation: Converts pyruvate to lactate 7.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Fats Proteins: amino group is removed as waste and carbon backbone goes into glycolysis and/or Kreb’s Fats: glycerol goes into glycolysis and carbon backbone goes into Kreb’s 7.10 Evolution of Metabolism Carbon degradation Glycolysis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Oxygen forming photosynthesis Nitrogen fixation Aerobic respiration