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Chapter 18 - Viruses and Prokaryotes
Chapter 31- Immune System and
Disease
Power Standards:
1.
Students will be able to analyze how the structure and function of cell components relate
to cell processes.
2.
Students will be able to summarize how the endocrine, immune, and skeleto-muscular
systems enable the human body to respond to and act upon the environment.
3.
Students will apply the essential features of scientific inquiry in the context of biology.
Skills:
1.
A.1. Identify bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi and parasites as potential pathogens.
2.
A.2. State how bacteria and viruses cause disease in humans.
3.
A.3. Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycle of viruses.
4.
A.4. Explain how in a parasitic relationship one organism benefits and the other is
harmed.
5.
B.1. Identifies nonspecific responses as the first line of defense against infection.
6.
B.2. Describes how the immune system responds to pathogens.
7.
B.3. Classifies between immunity, prevention and treatment.
8.
B.4. Give examples of immune system overreactions.
Vocabulary
Viruses
1.
19. Toxin
Virus
20. Antibiotic
2. Pathogen
“path” - disease
3. Viroid
“oid” - tiny
21. Parasite
5. Capsid
22. Vector
“phage” – eating
23. Phagocyte
7. Envelope
24. T Cell
8. Host cell
25. B Cell
9. Lytic Infection
“lytic” - destruction
10. Lysogenic Infection
“anti” – against, “bio” - life
Immune System
4. Prion
6. Bacteriophage
“tox” - deadly
“phago” – eating, “cyte” - cell
26. Antibodies
27. Passive Immunity
11. Prophage
“pro” – original
28. Active Immunity
12. Epidemic
“epi” - outer
29. Inflammation
13. Vaccine
14. Disease
30. Antigen
“dis” – not, “ease” – comfort
31. Tissue Rejection
32. Antiseptics
Bacteria
33. Antibiotic resistance
15. Bacteria
34. Allergy
16. Plasmid
35. Allergen
17. Flagellum
36. Autoimmune
18. Pili
37. Pandemic
“auto” – self
Section 18.1 Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes
Read pages 510-511.
Main Idea: Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can all cause infections.
Eukaryotic cells:
10,000-100,000 nm
Prokaryotic cells:
200 – 10,000 nm
What is a prion?
What is a virus?
Size range:
What is a viroid?
Size range:
Size range:
Section 18.2 Viral Structure and Reproduction
Read pages 513-517.
Main Ideas:
 Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering the host cells.
 Viruses cause two types of infections.
Main Idea
Supporting Details
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Structure of Viruses
Enveloped Virus
Example:
Helical Virus
Example:
Polyhedral Virus
Example:
Sketch:
Sketch:
Sketch:
Identify next to the individual picture what is happening in the Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles.
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
Extra Notes:
18.3 Viral Diseases
Read pages 518-520.
Main Ideas:
 Viruses cause many infectious diseases.
 Vaccines are made from weakened pathogens.
Main Idea
Supporting Details
First Defenses
Examples of Viral Infections
1.
2.
3.
4.
Details
Definition:
How do they work?
How are they made?
Vaccine
Examples of diseases
that have vaccines:
Before the chickenpox vaccination was available, children were often purposely
exposed to the virus at a young age. What was the reason for doing this?
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Read pages 521 - 524.
Describe the functions of the identified structures in the prokaryotic cell.
Ribosome
Structure
Plasmid
Cell wall
DNA (Chromosome)
Cell (Plasma) membrane
Pili
Flagellum
Ribosome
Function
18.6 Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotics
Read pages 529-531.
Main Idea:
 Some bacteria cause disease.
 Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease.
 Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics.
Ways Bacteria Cause Illness to Host
1.
2.
Main Idea
Antibiotics are used to fight
bacterial diseases.
Supporting Details
Cause of Antibiotic Resistance
Overuse:
Underuse:
Antibiotic Resistance
Misuse:
Extra Notes:
Section 31.2 Immune System
Read pages 885-888.
Main Ideas:
 Many body systems protect you from pathogens.
 Cells and proteins fight the body’s infections.
 Immunity prevents a person from getting sick from a pathogen.
The Immune System is:
How It Contributes to the Immune System
Skin
Mucous membrane
Circulatory system
White Blood Cells:

Phagocyte

T Cells

B Cells
Proteins:

Antibodies

Interferon
Passive Immunity
Extra Notes:
Both
Active Immunity
Section 31.3 Immune Responses
Read pages 890-894.
Main Ideas:
 Many body systems work to produce nonspecific responses.
 Cells of the immune system produce specific responses.
 The immune system rejects foreign tissues.
Nonspecific Responses
Inflammation
Fever
Specific Responses
Antigens
Memory Cells
Main Idea
The immune system rejects foreign
tissue.
Supporting Details
Semester Exam Review Questions
1.
Draw a virus and label its parts.
2. Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles of the virus.
3. What is a vaccine and how does the body respond to a vaccination?
4. Identify and explain two ways that a bacterium can harm its host.
5. What problems may occur with overuse or improper use of antibiotics?
6. Identify and describe the two non-specific responses our bodies have to pathogen infection.
7. a. Describe how your body responds to a new infection it encounters? Be specific.
b. Describe how your immune system responds when the same infection re-enters your body. Be specific.
8. How do passive and active immunity differ?
9. How do autoimmune diseases and allergies disrupt other body system?