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Chapter 14 Key Terms Introduction to Personality: Toward An Integration 7e 1 Chapter 14 – Key Terms Activity – temperament that affects the vigor or intensity of responses; also refers to individual differences on a dimension that ranges from hyperactivity to extreme inactivity (p. 327) Behavior genetics – study of the role of genes in social behavior and personality (p. 323) Dizygotic twins – fraternal twins; two organisms that develop in the uterus at the same time but from two egg and two sperm cells; not genetically identical (p. 324) Down Syndrome – genetic abnormality consisting of a third chromosome in the 21st chromosome pair; causes severe mental retardation and a distinctive appearance (p. 339) Emotionality – tendency to become physiologically aroused easily and experience frequent and intense negative emotions such as anger, fear, and distress (p. 327) Heritability estimates (index) – a measure used in behavior genetic research to try to assess the degree to which a trait or attribute is due to inheritance (p. 331) Human genome – the human genetic code consisting of roughly 30,000 to 40,000 individual genes contained in 23 chromosome pairs (p. 324) Monozygotic twins – identical twins; two organisms that develop from a single fertilized egg cell and share identical genes (p. 324) Neurotransmitter systems – physiological pathways that communicate and carry out the functions of signal detection and response via chemical receptors (neurotransmitters) (p. 340) Nonshared (unique) environment – all of the aspects of the individual’s environment that are not shared with other members of the family (e.g., birth order effects, illness, and peer influences) (p. 334) Person x situation interaction patterns – stable patterns that emerge when the individual’s behavior is measured in relation to its situational context (p. 341) PKU (phenylketonuria) – a genetic abnormality in which the gene that produces a critical enzyme is missing; it results in mental retardation if not treated soon after birth (p. 338) Shared environment (or family environment) – individuals raised in the same family/household (p. 334) Sociability – the degree to which the person seeks interpersonal interaction (p. 327) Temperaments – characteristic individual differences relevant to emotional expression, often visible early in life (p. 326) Twin method – method of assessing genetic influence by comparing the degree of similarity on trait measures for genetically identical twins versus dizygotic twins (p. 324)