Download Name Period ______ Date Chapter 15 -

Name _________________________________________________ Period _________ Date ________________
Chapter 15 -- Theory of Evolution
Idea of Evolution
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
 English ____________________________
 Took a trip around the world on a ship called ____________________________
____________________________
 Mostly fascinated with the _______________________________ Islands
 Best known for his theory of evolution by ____________________________
____________________________
 Idea of Evolution
 Galapagos Islands
 Groups of animals vary from island to island
 Ex: ______________________________ on each island resemble each
other but differ in the shape and function of their
________________________
 Ex: ______________________________ on each island resembled each
other but differ in the shape and function of their
_________________________
 Darwin believed these unique animals all came from a
______________________________ ______________________________ and they
changed/adapted to their ________________________________
1
 Evolution
 Development of new types of organisms _________________ _________________
 ______________________________ change in the characteristics within a
population from one ______________________________ to the next
Ideas of Darwin’s Time
 Scientists thought all species were ______________________________ and
______________________________
 The Earth was believed to only be a few ______________________________ (not
billions) of years old
 Charles Lyell was a English ______________________________ that believed the
Earth’s surface continues to change
 Influenced Darwin
 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
 French ______________________________ that supported the idea that
populations of organisms ______________________________ over time
 Also believed in ______________________________ of simple organisms
 Proposed that individuals ______________________________ traits during
______________________________ from behavior and pass them onto
______________________________
 Called ______________________________ _________
______________________________ ______________________________
2
Darwin’s Ideas
 Around the same time Darwin and ______________________________ formed theory
to explain ______________________________
 Published book _________ ___________ _______________ ________ ________________ in 1858
 Book explained how evolution occurs by means of
______________________________ ______________________________
Descent with Modification
 Idea that every species must have ______________________________ by reproduction
from ______________________________ species that arrange over time
 Ex: finch ______________________________ at Galapagos
3
Natural Selection
 Mechanism from descent with modification
 1. ___________________________________
 More offspring are produced than ______________________________ to
maturity
 2. Genetic ______________________________
 Traits ___________________ within a species
 Ex: deer __________ ______________________________ is passed on
to future offspring
 3. Struggle to ______________________________
 Organisms need to ______________________________ with each other
known as “struggle for ______________________________”
 When an organism is successful in a new environment it is called
an ______________________________
 4. Differential ______________________________
 Organisms best adapted for an ______________________________ will
survive best and ______________________________
 Survival of the ______________________________
 The ability for an organism to ______________________________
and pass on ______________________________
4
The Fossil Record
 Fossils
 ______________________________ of an organism that died long ago
 Some are remains of ______________________________ organisms, meaning the
species is no longer _________________________
 Superposition
 Idea that ______________________________ form in ______________________________
where the layers closest to the top are the ______________________________
than below
 Relative Age
 Age ______________________________ to other fossils in order of
old to young
 Absolute Age
 Using ______________________________ dating to get
______________________________ number age
 Scientists use these ______________________________ and ______________________________
ages to try and make the history of life on Earth as ______________________________
as possible
 Fossil records are ______________________________ history because not all
organisms have left fossils behind
 Fossils can easily be ______________________________ during the process
 Finding fossils is ____________________ also
5
Transitional Species
 We can infer that ______________________________ have ______________________________
changed based on the fossil record
 Scientists have hypothesized ______________________________ and later
descendant species
 Organisms with features that are ______________________________ hypothesized
ancestors
Biogeography
 Study of ______________________________ of organisms around the world
 Darwin used this method when exploring islands and observed animals
______________________________ based on environment
Anatomy and Embryology
 Anatomy: study of the ______________________
 Embryology: study of _________________________________
 Homologous structures
 Anatomical structures that originated by ______________________________
from a structure in most ______________________________ ancestor
 Ex: bones in _______________ of humans, penguins, alligator and bat
 Related ______________________________ but ______________________________ may
____________________
6
 Analogous Structures
 When structures have ______________________________ function,
but did not develop the same way
 Ex: __________________ of bat vs. bird
 Vestigial Structures
 Organs that __________ ______________________________ serve a function in an
organism
 Ex: human _______________ bone, ______________________________
Phylogeny
 Relationships among ______________________________ of organisms
 Can make a “_________________” of animals evolved
 Trunk of the tree would represent ______________________________ that are
______________________________ related
 Branches represent a ______________________________ population or lineage
Caribbean Anole Lizard
 Found in the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico
 Each lizard species body type differs by their habitat
 Ex: stocky body and long legged lizards are best adapted for tree
truck environments, slender bodies and long tails are best
adapted for grassy environments
7
 Hypothesis #1: An ancestral anole species specialized for living on twigs
originally lived on one island and later migrated to other islands
OR
 Hypothesis #2: Each twig-dwelling species evolved independently on each
island from distant ancestor anole species
Evolution in Action
 Biologists tested the hypothesis by comparing _______________ from the various
species
 DNA evidence supported hypothesis __________ that each lizard evolved
_________________________________ on each island
 Convergent Evolution
 Process by which different ______________________________
evolve ______________________________ traits
 Ex: sugar ______________________________ of Australia and flying
______________________________ of North America came from different
ancestors but evolved similar ______________________________ to their
environment
8
Divergence & Radiation
 Divergence evolution
 Process by which the ____________________________________ of a
______________________________ ancestor diversify into species that each fit
different parts of the environment
 Ex: lizards with genes for ____________________ toe pads and
___________________ legs ran ________________________ on the tree trunks
and fell easily to predators, lizards with ____________________ legs
and _____________________ toe pads were able to slip away and
reproduce
 Adaptive Radiation
 Pattern of ________________________________ when a new population in a new
environment undergoes divergent evolution
9
Artificial Selection
 Process the occurs when ______________________________ breeders
______________________________ individuals that will parent the next generation
 Ex: ______________________________ greyhounds, ______________________________
tea cup dogs, high __________________ yield cows, high yielding
_______________________ per stalk
 Darwin hypothesized domesticated dogs ______________________________ from
wolves
 ________________ evidence indicated similarities with
______________________________ in East Asia, supporting Darwin’s hypothesis
and ______________________________ selected domestic dogs from wolf
population 15,000 years ago
Coevolution
 Evolution is on-going and many species may evolve ______________________________
 Coevolution
 When _______________ or more species have evolved adaptations to each
other’s ______________________________
 Predator/Prey Interactions
 Introduction of new species
 Creating antibiotics
10