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Psy 121 Fall 2007 Study Guide for Chapter 2 of Gleitman et al. In order to guide your reading for lectures and conferences, and also to help you prepare for the exams, we frequently will provide study guides. In using the study guides, you should learn the meanings/definitions of the listed terms. But you should also work to understand the conceptual importance of these terms. Note, for example, that the terms are placed in clusters. How are the terms in each cluster related to each other? What theories or themes unite the terms in a cluster? Sometimes a specific theory or hypothesis will appear in the study guide – you should be able briefly to describe the theory/hypothesis and predictions that can be made on the basis of it. In addition, sometimes the names of important theorists or investigators will appear in the study guide – you should be able to identify the positions taken by these individuals and/or their contributions to the development of theories and our understanding of them. Sections of Chapter 2 will be assigned in association with Dell’s lectures on faces (facial expressions, attractiveness) and emotions (fear and anger) and in association with Paul’s lectures on homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, and eating. This study guide identifies terms and concepts from the entire chapter, only some of which will be considered explicitly in lectures and/or labs. Any of these items could be the subject of exam questions. Broad themes: Interplay between biological, environmental, and sociocultural factors in the production and control of motivated behaviors The contributions and limitations of the comparative approach The contributions and limitations of an evolutionary approach Falsity of the nature/nurture dichotomy The evolutionary roots of motivated behavior Chromosomes DNA Genes: what does a gene control, directly (p. 44)? What does it mean to say that something is “genetically determined”? Human genome Genotype, phenotype Natural selection Evolutionary psychology (p. 67) The achievement of homeostasis Homeostasis, internal equilibrium and negative feedback Example: Body temperature regulation in mammals Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches Sample responses: heart rate, vaso-dilation/constriction, palmar skin sweating (skin conductance), pupillary dilation/constriction, control of respiration, digestion, urination Sympathetic arousal/activation Eating Set Points Examples of control signals Glucoreceptors; glucose-glycogen balance Leptin and adipose cells Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Hypothalamus: Dual Center Theory (and limitations) Obesity: Genetic and environmental factors Thrifty gene hypothesis Threat & Aggression The “emergency” (defense) reaction Function: preparation for actions that minimize effects of acute threats Sympathetic nervous system activation/arousal adrenal gland: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine Behavioral responses vary: fight (aggression), flight, freezing Difference between aggression and predation Effects of chronic threat/stress Moderators of aggression Gender Testosterone Territoriality Personality Learning Social displays Dominance hierarchies Sex Female hormonal cycles; estrogen and estrus Influence of testosterone and estrogen on sexuality Mate selection Role of physical attractiveness Contributors to facial attractiveness: symmetry, “averageness” Gender differences Waist-to-hip ratio Evolutionary theories Halo effect Matching hypothesis Sexual displays Commitment: mating costs and evolutionary theories of commitment and jealousy