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Name___________________________________________________Class_______Date_________
8th Grade Social Studies
Final Exam Review Packet
Directions: Answer each of the following questions to prepare for the final exam, which
is on June 11th. If you do not know the answer and are unsure where to find to find the
answer, use the index in your textbook to locate the correct page number.
Chapter 17, The West Transformed
1. Identify and explain reasons for Westward Expansion in the mid to late 1800s. (see
page 578)

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
2. Define: (glossary)
Frontier:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Manifest Destiny:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Identify 3 problems farmers faced on the Great Plains? (see pages 596-598 in the
textbook.)
 ____________________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________________________
4. Define the Transcontinental Railroad. Who constructed the railroad? Identify 2 major
railroad companies that joined to form the Transcontinental Railroad. (p. 581)
Definition:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Builders:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Companies:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why was the railroad so important to Western Expansion? Identify the benefits and
effects of the railroad. (p. 581)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. What role did the Buffalo have in Native American Indian lives? Give at least three
examples. (p. 584-585)
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____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
7. Why were Plains Indians put onto reservations in the late 1800s? List two examples
of what life was like on the reservation (p. 585-586)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8 Define:

California Gold Rush: (p. 578) ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Homestead Act: (p. 595)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 18, Industry and Urban Growth/Immigration
1. Who invented the assembly line? How did the assembly line decrease the price of the
automobile? (p. 612-613)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define each of the following vocabulary words:
Free Enterprise System- p.616
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Corporation- p.614
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Trust – p. 615
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Monopoly – p. 615
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Assembly Line – p. 612-613
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Mass Production – p. 612-613
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What problems were caused by large monopolies/trusts? p. 616
a. _______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why were some tycoons (kings of industry) considered “philanthropists”? ____________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why did the American Government pass the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? _____________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Define Sweatshop: p. 617
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What occurred at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory? p. 617
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Why did factory owners use child labor? What were conditions like? P. 617
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. How did workers try to improve their work environment? Why did workers want to
improve specifically? p. 618-619
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. Why did so many immigrants come to the United States? (pull factors) p. 625-626
a._________________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________________
c._________________________________________________________________________________
11. Why did so many immigrants leave their homelands? (push factors) p. 625
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________
12. Define each of the following vocabulary words:
Tenement – p. 622
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Assimilation – p. 627
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Nativism – p. 629
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Steerage- p. 626
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13. What immigrant group(s) was discriminated against in the late 1800’s and not
allowed to immigrate to the United States p. 629 _____________________________________
14. Why did Jane Adams start the Hull House? p. 622
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. What were the names of the two receiving stations where immigrants were
processed? p. 626
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 19, Political Reform and the Progressive Era
1. What was the Spoils System? p. 644-645
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What exam was created to end the Spoils System? (p. 645)__________________________
3. What were the goals of the Progressives? p. 646
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What were the goals of the Muckrakers? p. 648
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Name three muckrakers from the Progressive Era and the issue they exposed p. 648:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
7. What did President Theodore Roosevelt mean when he said that all Americans should
have a “Square Deal”? p.650 _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
8. What were some of T.R.’s goals as it pertains to workers, trusts, and the environment?
p650-651 _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. What was the Temperance Movement? p. 658-659
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
10 . Describe the philosophy(beliefs) of each of the following African Americans:
a. Booker T. Washington p. 660
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. W.E.B. Du Bois p. 661
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Define Jim Crow Laws__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 20, The United States Looks Overseas
1. Please answer each of the following questions regarding the examples of American
imperialism/expansionism listed below.
a. Alaska – p. 680-681
How did we acquire it?
________________________________________________________________________________
Why did we want it?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
When did it become a state? ________________________________________________________
b. Hawaii- p. 683
How did we acquire it?
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Why did we want it?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
When did it become a state? ________________________________________________________
c. Samoa Islands- p. 683
How did we acquire it?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Why did we want it?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
d. Japan- p. 680
Did we acquire it? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
How did the U.S. want to be involved with Japan? (In what way?)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define the following:
a. Isolationism- p. 681
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Imperialism- 681
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. China- p. 684-685
a. What was the Open Door Policy in China __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. What occurred during the Boxer Rebellion?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. What was the end result in China?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Spanish American War
a. Who was Cuba fighting? p. 688
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. How did Americans react to the conflict in Cuba? p. 688-689
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. What sparked the U.S. to declare war on Spain? P. 689
________________________________________________________________________________
d. Explain the terms under which the U.S. gained each of the following as a result of
winning the Spanish American War.

Guam- p. 691
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Cuba- p. 692
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Puerto Rico- p. 692
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

The Philippines- p. 692
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Define the Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – p. 696
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Why did American want to build the Panama Canal? p. 694
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What problems did they encounter trying to build the Canal? p. 694
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 21, WWI
1. Explain each of the MAIN causes of World War I:
a. Rise of Nationalism – p. 706
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Imperialism – p. 706
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Militarism – p. 706
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
d. Alliances- p. 706
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What was the SPARK that caused World War I? p. 707
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why did the United States remain neutral at the beginning of WWI? p.708
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain how the United States tried to help the Allies win World War I? p. 709
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What events helped push the United States into World War I? RUST p. 710-711
a.R_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b.U_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c.S_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
d.T_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Why was German unrestricted submarine warfare a major reason for the United
States declaring war on the German? p. 709-710
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________
d. ________________________________________________________________________________
7. How did Americans help on the home front? P. 714-715
a.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. What was the goal of Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points? p. 723
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. What was the purpose of the League of Nations? Why was it such an important part of
the Treaty of Paris to President Wilson? p. 725
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. Why did the United States Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles? p. 726
a._________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
11. What problems did the treaty cause after World War I ended?
a._________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 22, The Roaring 20’s
1. What was meant by a “Return to Normalcy?” p. 736
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What was the Red Scare? p. 739
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. How was the Sacco and Vanzetti case an example of Anti-Foreign feeling in the U.S.
during the 1920’s? p. 739
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. What was prohibition? P. 741
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What problems were caused by the 18th Amendment during prohibition?
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. How were consumers able to buy these new products in demand? Why was this method
a problem? p. 752
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What new method was being used to buy stock? Why was this a problem? p. 753
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Define:
a. Harlem Renaissance: p. 750
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Scopes Trial: p. 744
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Fad: 646: p746
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9. Identify:
a. Langston Hughes – p. 750
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Louis Armstrong- p. 747
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. Which two groups struggled during the Roaring 20’s? p. 754
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 23, The Great Depression
1. What were the 3 main causes of the Great Depression? p. 770-771
Causes:
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the “domino effect”, also known as the “downward spiral” p. 772
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. How were people’s lives impacted during the depression? p. 772-774
a.
__________________________________________________________________________________
b.
__________________________________________________________________________________
c.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. What programs did Hoover create to try to aid the public? p. 774-775
a.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What was the New Deal? Explain. p. 776
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. How did the New Deal change the role of government in the American Economy?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What were the three R’s to the New Deal? Explain the purpose of each one. p. 777-779
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________
8. Describe each of the following New Deal Programs and what they did:
a. Works Program Administration (WPA) –p. 778
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – p. 779
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Social Security Act (SSA) – p. 790
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Identify two arguments in favor of the New Deal and two arguments against the New
Deal. p. 792-793
a. In Favor:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Against:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 24, WWII
1. What were the long-term/indirect causes of World War II? (see notes/handout)
a. _______________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________
d. ________________________________________________________________________________
e. ________________________________________________________________________________
f. ________________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the main dictators during WWII. Identify actions they took leading to WWII.
p. 802-804
a. Dictator: _____________________________________________________
Actions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Dictator: _____________________________________________________
Actions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Dictator: _____________________________________________________
Actions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
d. Dictator: _____________________________________________________
Actions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the final country to be invaded before World War II began? p. 806
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Define:
a. Cash and Carry- p. 808
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Lend-Lease Act- p. 808
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why did the United States enter World War II? (hint: “a day which will live in
infamy”) p. 811 ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. What happened to Japanese Americans as a result of Pearl Harbor? p. 818
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What was the invasion of Normandy’s beaches on June, 6 1944 called pp.821-822?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Define Holocaust: p. 826-827 ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
a. Who was persecuted during the Nuremberg Trials?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. How were the Nazi’s punished for their war crimes?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Define Island Hopping and explain how the United States used the Island Hopping
strategy to help win the Pacific Campaign against the Japanese p.824 _________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Why did President Truman drop the atomic bomb on Japan? p. 825
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 25, The Cold War
1. Why did the other Allied powers not trust Stalin after WWII came to an end? ________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define:
a. Cold War-p.836
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Containment- p. 837
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Truman Doctrine- p. 837
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
f. Marshall Plan- p. 837
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
e. Iron Curtain- p. 837
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
f. Satellite- p. 837
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. What new organization was created to maintain peace around the world after World
War II ended? p. 840
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Summarize each of the following Cold War conflicts and give the dates:
a. Berlin Airlift – p. 838
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Korean War – p. 850
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Cuban Missile Crisis- p. 859
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
d. Vietnam Conflict – p. 906 (better to use notes provided in class)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What was the nuclear arms race? p. 855
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. How did the following individuals work to end the Cold War? p. 945-946
a. Mikhail Gorbachev__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Ronald Reagan__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________