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Standard #: SC.912.L.16.3
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Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and
conservation of the genetic information.
Subject Area: Science
Grade: 912
Body of Knowledge: Life Science
Standard: Heredity and Reproduction A. DNA stores and transmits genetic information. Genes are sets of instructions encoded in the
structure of DNA.
B. Genetic information is passed from generation to generation by DNA in all organisms and
accounts for similarities in related individuals.
C. Manipulation of DNA in organisms has led to commercial production of biological molecules
on a large scale and genetically modified organisms.
D. Reproduction is characteristic of living things and is essential for the survival of species.
Date Adopted or Revised: 02/08
Content Complexity Rating: Level 3: Strategic Thinking & Complex Reasoning - More
Information
Date of Last Rating: 05/08
Status: State Board Approved
Assessed: Yes
Remarks/Examples
Integrate HE.912.C.1.7. Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health. Annually
assessed on Biology EOC. Also assesses SC.912.L.16.4; SC.912.L.16.5; SC.912.L.16.9.
TEST ITEM SPECIFICATIONS
Reporting Category: Molecular and Cellular Biology
Clarification :
Students will describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role in the transmission
and conservation of genetic information.
Students will describe gene and chromosomal mutations in the DNA sequence.
Students will explain how gene and chromosomal mutations may or may not result in a
phenotypic change.
Students will explain the basic processes of transcription and/or translation, and their
roles in the expression of genes.
Students will explain that the basic components of DNA are universal in organisms.
Students will explain how similarities in the genetic codes of organisms are due to
common ancestry and the process of inheritance.
Content Limits :
Items requiring the analysis of base pairs for gene mutations are limited to changes in a
single gene.
Items may refer to but will not assess the cell cycle, mitosis, and/or meiosis.
Items will not require memorization of specific conditions resulting from chromosomal
mutations.
Items may refer to the process of meiosis in the context of mutations but will not assess
meiosis in isolation.
Items addressing transcription or translation will not require specific knowledge of
initiation, elongation, or termination.
Stimulus Attributes :
Scenarios requiring the use of a codon table must include the codon table.
Response Attributes :
None specified
Prior Knowledge :
Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS
from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.7.L.16.1 and
SC.7.L.16.4.
SAMPLE TEST ITEMS (1)
Test
Question
Difficulty Type
Item #
Sample Genes for medically important proteins can be cloned and inserted N/A
MC:
Item 1 into bacteria, as shown in the diagram below.
Multiple
Choice
Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a
human protein?
Related Courses
Course Number
2000310:
2000320:
Course Title
Biology 1 (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 and
beyond (current))
Biology 1 Honors (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015
and beyond (current))
2000430:
2002490:
2000440:
2000800:
2002420:
2002430:
7920015:
2000315:
2000500:
2002425:
Biology Technology (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015,
2015 and beyond (current))
Forensic Sciences 2 (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015
and beyond (current))
Genetics (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 and
beyond (current))
Biology 1 Pre-International Baccalaureate (Specifically in
versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 and beyond (current))
Integrated Science 2 (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015,
2015 and beyond (current))
Integrated Science 2 Honors (Specifically in versions: 2014 2015, 2015 and beyond (current))
Access Biology 1 (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015
and beyond (current))
Biology 1 for Credit Recovery (Specifically in versions: 2014 2015, 2015 and beyond (current))
Bioscience 1 Honors (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015,
2015 and beyond (current))
Integrated Science 2 for Credit Recovery (Specifically in
versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 and beyond (current))
Related Access Points
Independent
Access Point Number
SC.912.L.16.In.3
Access Point Title
Recognize that a substance called DNA carries genetic
information in all organisms, and changes (mutations) in DNA
can be helpful or harmful to an organism.
Supported
Access Point Number
SC.912.L.16.Su.2
Access Point Title
Recognize that all organisms have a substance called DNA with
unique information.
Participatory
Access Point Number
SC.912.L.16.Pa.2
Access Point Title
Recognize similarities in characteristics of plants and animals of
the same type (species).
Related Resources
Lesson Plan
Name
"DNA:Breaking the Code!"
DNA Replication with Codon
Bingo
Description
In this lesson, students learn about DNA, the building block of
genetic material. Students learn the basic components of DNA
and see how they fit together. The teacher will offer activities
and support to support with these goals. The goal of this lesson
is to familiarize students to the cell and its DNA as the genetic
material that manages how the cell will function. It is
recommended to teach this lesson before teaching heredity is the
passage of these instructions from one generation to another.
This DNA Replication Lesson Plan incorporates several types
of instructional strategies to reach all students. These strategies
include:
1. Demonstrations
2. Discussions
3. Cooperative learning
4. Brainstorming
5. Stimulations
6. Inquiry Based activity
7. Projects
8. Game
9. Cooperative Learning
10. Self assessment
The students will:
1. Describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role
in the transmission and conservation of genetic
information.
2. Explain the basic processes of transcription and/or
translation, and their roles in the expression of genes.
3. Clarify the basic components of DNA by constructing an
advanced organizer.
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription & Translation
Students will explore the process of protein synthesis,
specifically transcription and translation, using a sequenced
graphic organizer and an interactive simulation (Lesson 1 & 2).
This resource contains 3 lessons:



Lesson 1: Transcription & Translation
Lesson 2: Lac Operon
Lesson 3: Proteins & Cancer
As an extension (Lesson 3) the students will justify the
applications of biotechnology that uses transcription and
translation to synthesize proteins that target cancer cells or
reason the possibilities of the amplification of antibodies using
immortal cells.
They will explore how mutations, genetic or epigenetic
(lifestyle-chemicals, radiation, viruses), resulting in cancer.
Something Old, Something
New...
Tissue Specific Gene
Expression
The student will connect changes that occur in the genetic code,
during transcription and translation, to the deleterious impact on
proto oncogenes that promote cell division and tumor
suppressor genes that normally inhibit it.
Students will reflect on prior knowledge, record their
understanding of DNA replication based on a 3D computer
model, and will then create a model demonstrating the process
of DNA replication. Students will investigate where DNA
replication occurs in the human body and why it occurs there.
Additionally, students will investigate DNA mutations and their
potential impact on the organism. Finally, students will
summarize what they learned by collaborating with other
classmates.
How is it that all cells in our body have the same genes, yet cells
in different tissues express different genes? A basic notion in
biology that most high school students fail to conceptualize is
the fact that all cells in the animal or human body contain the
same DNA, yet different cells in different tissues express, on the
one hand, a set of common genes, and on the other, express
another set of genes that vary depending on the type of tissue
and the stage of development. In this video lesson, the student
will be reminded that genes in a cell/tissue are expressed when
certain conditions in the nucleus are met. Interestingly, the
system utilized by the cell to ensure tissue specific gene
expression is rather simple. Among other factors - all discussed
fully in the lesson - the cells make use of a tiny scaffold known
as the "Nuclear Matrix or Nucleo-Skeleton". This video lesson
spans 20 minutes and provides 5 exercises for students to work
out in groups and in consultation with their classroom teacher.
The entire duration of the video demonstration and exercises
should take about 45-50 minutes, or equivalent to one classroom
session. There are no supplies needed for students' participation
in the provided exercises. They will only need their notebooks
and pens. However, the teacher may wish to emulate the
demonstrations used in the video lesson by the presenter and in
this case simple material can be used as those used in the video.
These include play dough, pencils, rubber bands (to construct
the nuclear matrix model), a tennis ball and 2-3 Meters worth of
shoe laces. The students should be aware of basic information
about DNA folding in the nucleus, DNA replication, gene
transcription, translation and protein synthesis.
Text Resource
Name
Chemists Expand Nature's
Genetic Alphabet
Description
This informational text resource is intended to support reading
in the content area. This article provides some of the newest and
most exciting information relating to the DNA in living things.
It is a synopsis of a recent experiment in which scientists were
able to successfully add two new "letters" into DNA and have
the cell replicate these new bases. This could lead to advances
in genetics, medicine, and various other fields of study.
Tutorial
Name
Chromosomes, Chromatids,
and Chromatin
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
DNA Structure
Description
This Khan Academy video reviews the basic processes of DNA
replication and protein synthesis. It then goes on to explain how
the terms chromosome, chromatin, and chromatid, relate to each
other.
This tutorial will help learners understand the process of DNA
replication, including the enzymes involved. Learners will be
able to recognize that an exact copy of DNA must be created
prior to cell division.
This tutorial will help you to understand how nucleotides are
added to the leading and lagging strands of DNA during
replication.
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
This tutorial will help the learners to understand structure of
DNA and how this structure allows for accurate replication.
This interactive tutorial explore the process of DNA replication.
It provides practice opportunities to check your understanding
of transcription and translation, the processes the occur to
DNA- Transcription and
convert genetic information into vital proteins. This resource is
Translation
part of a larger collection of information regarding the Human
Genome Project and Genetic Engineering. Users may view
information before and after the transcription and translation
components highlighted here.
Your body is made of cells -- but how does a single cell know to
become part of your nose, instead of your toes? The answer is in
your body's instruction book: DNA. Joe Hanson compares DNA
DNA: The Book of You
to a detailed manual for building a person out of cells -- with 46
chapters (chromosomes) and hundreds of thousands of pages
covering every part of you.
This tutorial discusses the process of mitosis in detail,
describing the events that occur during interphase, prophase,
Mitosis and DNA Replication
metaphase, anaphase, and telephase. The process of DNA
replication is also explained.
DNA replication is the process of producing two identical
replicas from one original DNA molecule. This tutorial will
help you to understand the process of DNA replication and the
factors involved in the replication process.
The Process of DNA
Replication
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
This Khan Academy video briefly describes DNA replication
Transcription and Translation and then goes into a thorough explanation of both transcription
and translation.
Virtual Manipulative
Name
DNA - The Double Helix
Game
Description
DNA is the genetic material of all known living organisms and
some viruses. DNA contains two stands wrapped around each
other in a helix, and these stands are held in place by four
chemicals called bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C),
and thymine (T). The bases pair up with each other in a specific
manner to form units called base pairs - adenine always pairs
with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine.
In this game your job is to first make exact copies of a doublestranded DNA molecule by correctly matching base pairs to
each strand, and to then determine which organism the DNA
belongs to.
DNA Polymerase
DNA Replication Animation
DNA-The Double Helix
In this activity students will recognize that DNA polymerase is
responsible for the process of DNA replication, during which a
double-stranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical
DNA molecules. DNA ploymerase catalyze the polymerization
of deoxyribonucleotides alongside a DNA strand, which they
read and use as a template. The newly-polymerized molecule is
complementary to the template strand.
This resource is an animation to explain DNA replication. It is
an interactive simulation activity for students. See also
"Transcription and Translation Animation" to get all of the steps
from DNA to protein.
In this interactive game, the students will understand how a
DNA molecule is built up, how the copies of the DNA molecule
made and what is the meaning of base-pairing. The job of the
students in this game is to first make exact copies of a doublestranded DNA molecule by correctly matching the base pairs to
each strand, and to then determine which organism the DNA
belongs to.
Perspectives Video: Expert
Name
DNA Microsatellite Analysis
for Plant Ecology
The Geometry of DNA
Replication
Description
Dr. David McNutt explains how large clonal plant populations
can be analyzed with microsatellite analysis of their DNA.
A discussion of the applications of Knot Theory, replication of
DNA, enzymes, and fluid dynamics.
Original Tutorial
Name
DNA Replication
Video/Audio/Animation
Description
You began your life as a single cell and you now have trillions
of cells. Even though a cell only uses a portion of its DNA, each
cell contains the same set of DNA instructions. How is it
possible that DNA can be copied so that every cell gets the
same set of instructions? By the end of this tutorial you should
be able to describe how DNA is copied and explain how this
process allows cells to have identical genetic information.
Name
Description
DNA Replication,
The website is a compilation of short video clips, word
Transcription and Translation
documents, pdf's, PowerPoint presentations, and other activities.
Video Clips
This website has a nice graphic depiction of complementary
base pairing, as well as a great video computer model of DNA
DNA Tutorial
replication, transcription, and translation. Additional links are
provided for further study.
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute makes available twentyfive short, narrated animations about DNA at this link. The
animations are viewable as video clips and topics include, but
DNA: Animations
are not limited to DNA structure, DNA replication, transcription
and translation, mutations in DNA, polymerase chain reaction,
DNA sequencing, and shotgun sequencing.
Student Resources
Name
Chromosomes,
Chromatids, and
Chromatin
DNA - The Double
Helix Game
DNA Polymerase
DNA Replication
Description
This Khan Academy video reviews the basic processes of DNA
replication and protein synthesis. It then goes on to explain how the
terms chromosome, chromatin, and chromatid, relate to each other.
DNA is the genetic material of all known living organisms and some
viruses. DNA contains two stands wrapped around each other in a helix,
and these stands are held in place by four chemicals called bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The bases pair
up with each other in a specific manner to form units called base pairs adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with
guanine.
In this game your job is to first make exact copies of a double-stranded
DNA molecule by correctly matching base pairs to each strand, and to
then determine which organism the DNA belongs to.
In this activity students will recognize that DNA polymerase is
responsible for the process of DNA replication, during which a doublestranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA molecules.
DNA ploymerase catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides
alongside a DNA strand, which they read and use as a template. The
newly-polymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand.
This tutorial will help learners understand the process of DNA
replication, including the enzymes involved. Learners will be able to
recognize that an exact copy of DNA must be created prior to cell
division.
This tutorial will help you to understand how nucleotides are added to
the leading and lagging strands of DNA during replication.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
DNA Structure
DNA- Transcription
and Translation
DNA: Animations
DNA: The Book of
You
Mitosis and DNA
Replication
The Process of DNA
Replication
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
You began your life as a single cell and you now have trillions of cells.
Even though a cell only uses a portion of its DNA, each cell contains
the same set of DNA instructions. How is it possible that DNA can be
copied so that every cell gets the same set of instructions? By the end of
this tutorial you should be able to describe how DNA is copied and
explain how this process allows cells to have identical genetic
information.
This tutorial will help the learners to understand structure of DNA and
how this structure allows for accurate replication.
This interactive tutorial explore the process of DNA replication. It
provides practice opportunities to check your understanding of
transcription and translation, the processes the occur to convert genetic
information into vital proteins. This resource is part of a larger
collection of information regarding the Human Genome Project and
Genetic Engineering. Users may view information before and after the
transcription and translation components highlighted here.
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute makes available twenty-five
short, narrated animations about DNA at this link. The animations are
viewable as video clips and topics include, but are not limited to DNA
structure, DNA replication, transcription and translation, mutations in
DNA, polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and shotgun
sequencing.
Your body is made of cells -- but how does a single cell know to
become part of your nose, instead of your toes? The answer is in your
body's instruction book: DNA. Joe Hanson compares DNA to a detailed
manual for building a person out of cells -- with 46 chapters
(chromosomes) and hundreds of thousands of pages covering every part
of you.
This tutorial discusses the process of mitosis in detail, describing the
events that occur during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telephase. The process of DNA replication is also explained.
DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from
one original DNA molecule. This tutorial will help you to understand
the process of DNA replication and the factors involved in the
replication process.
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
Transcription and
Translation
This Khan Academy video briefly describes DNA replication and then
goes into a thorough explanation of both transcription and translation.
Parent Resources
Name
DNA - The Double
Helix Game
DNA Polymerase
DNA Structure
Mitosis and DNA
Replication
Description
DNA is the genetic material of all known living organisms and some
viruses. DNA contains two stands wrapped around each other in a helix,
and these stands are held in place by four chemicals called bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The bases pair
up with each other in a specific manner to form units called base pairs adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with
guanine.
In this game your job is to first make exact copies of a double-stranded
DNA molecule by correctly matching base pairs to each strand, and to
then determine which organism the DNA belongs to.
In this activity students will recognize that DNA polymerase is
responsible for the process of DNA replication, during which a doublestranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA molecules.
DNA ploymerase catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides
alongside a DNA strand, which they read and use as a template. The
newly-polymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand.
This tutorial will help the learners to understand structure of DNA and
how this structure allows for accurate replication.
This tutorial discusses the process of mitosis in detail, describing the
events that occur during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telephase. The process of DNA replication is also explained.