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30/04/2017 Gravity and Space Gravity 30/04/2017 Gravity is an attractive force that affects anything with mass: Note that this force goes both ways – the Earth is attracted to us. Gravity Gravity depends on 2 things: 1) The mass of the objects F If you double the mass of one object you double the force F 2) The distance between them F If you double the distance the gravitational force decreases F 30/04/2017 Gravity and our Solar System 30/04/2017 • The Sun’s gravity is what holds our solar system together. • Since Jupiter is the largest planet, it has the most gravity. • Pluto has the least amount of gravity of all the planets Gravity and our Solar System 30/04/2017 • What do you think would happen to the planets if the sun’s gravitational pull suddenly disappeared? To get an explanation WATCH THIS! • GRAVITY – it’s what holds our Solar System together! Now let’s learn about… An overview of the Solar System The Sun • The sun is the biggest, brightest, and hottest object in the solar system. • The sun is an ordinary star. • The sun is made of about 70% hydrogen and 28% helium. Mercury • Mercury is solid, rocky, and is covered with craters. • Mercury has almost no atmosphere. • There are no moons on mercury • Mercury is the smallest of our eight. Venus • Venus is the sixth largest planet. It’s slightly smaller than Earth. • The surface is rocky and very hot. The atmosphere completely hides the surface and traps the heat. • Venus has no moons. Earth • Earth is the fifth largest planet and the third from the sun. • It is a rocky planet covered mostly by water. • The Earth has one moon. Moon Mars • Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. • Mars is rocky • Mars has a thin atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide. • Mars has two small moons. Moons of Mars Phobos Deimos Jupiter The Great Red Spot, a huge storm of swirling gas that has lasted for hundreds of years. Jupiter does not have a solid surface. The planet is a ball of liquid surrounded by gas. Jupiter has over 65 moons! Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Saturn • Saturn is the second largest planet and the sixth from the sun. • Saturn is made of materials that are lighter than water. If you could fit Saturn in a lake, it would float! • Saturn has 62 moons. Rings of Saturn • Saturn’s rings are not solid; they are composed of small particles of ice and rock. Uranus • Uranus is the third largest planet and the seventh from the sun. • Uranus is one of the giant gas planets. • Uranus is blue-green because of the methane in its atmosphere. Neptune • Neptune is the fourth largest planet and the eight from the sun. • Like Uranus, the methane gas gives Neptune its color. • Neptune has 13 known moons How Did We Learn All This? Now, let’s look at a few of history’s greatest contributions to space exploration and learn about the different crafts used. Galileo Galilei He was a famous mathematician and astronomer who made great advances in the telescope – the first step in exploring space. Robert Goddard Robert H. Goddard is know as the American father of modern rocketry He built and tested the world's first liquid-fuel rocket in 1926. Over the course of his career, Goddard not only developed the calculations for rocket flight and also made advances in rocket design and construction. What is a rocket? Rockets are space craft with chemical propellants used to escape the earths gravity. Sputnik 1 The first manmade satellite to orbit the earth – Soviet Union. Explorer 1 The first U.S. satellite to orbit the Earth. What is a satellite? An object that orbits another object. They can be natural , like a moon orbiting a planet, or artificial, like Explorer 1. Natural Satellites Mercury Venus 30/04/2017 These planets are all satellites of the sun Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Artificial Satellites 30/04/2017 Artificial satellites have been around for 50 years and have 3 main uses: 1) Observation (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope) – these are in orbit high above the Earth and can observe the universe without interference 2) Communications – radio, phone, navigation 3) Monitoring – weather and spying Voyager 1 and 2 30/04/2017 These were probes discovered many things including the rings and moons of the far away gas giant. It is the farthest man mad object in space. What is a probe? 30/04/2017 A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that leaves Earth orbit and explores space. NASA Strands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It is our governmental agency devoted to exploring space. Apollo Missions 30/04/2017 These missions were to land a man on the moon and return him safely. "That's one small step for a man. One giant leap for mankind." - Neil Armstrong The Space Shuttle This program created the first reusable space craft that could carry people and cargo to and from space.