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SBI3U
ORGANIC MOLECULES
 are generated in living things
 are carbon based molecules
Note: CARBON can form 4 covalent bonds
 making it the “backbone atom” of organic compounds
 refers to molecules contain BOTH carbon and hydrogen
 can also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorus
Recall: Inorganic Molecules  examples: O2, H2O, CO2
4 Major Groups of Organic Macromolecules



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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Macromolecules are large molecules
(polymers) composed of smaller
subunits (monomers) bonded together
CARBOHYDRATES
Basic Formula:
CnH2nOn
e.g. Glucose C6H12O6
carbo
hydrate
where n can be any whole number
THEIR FUNCTION
 Short and long-term energy storage (e.g. glucose, starch)
 Physical strength to cell structure (e.g. cellulose – makes cell walls)
THEIR STRUCTURE
3 major classes of carbohydrates (CHOs):
Monosaccharide (single sugar)
 simple sugar (monomer; smallest unit of CHOs)
 one CHO molecule that has 3-7 carbon atoms
 e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
 glucose (diagram below)
Disaccharide (double sugar)
 composed of two simple sugars linked together
 e.g. maltose, lactose, sucrose
(http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/biochemistry/sucrosesyn.gif)
Polysaccharide (many sugar)
 composed of many simple sugar molecules linked together
 e.g. Starch – energy storage in plants
Glycogen – energy storage in animals (liver and muscle)
Cellulose – structural molecule in cell walls
(http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/carbohydrates.htm)
LIPIDS
 are very diverse
 common feature  do not dissolve in water (they are nonpolar)
hydrophobic
water
hating
THEIR FUNCTION
 Long-term energy and nutrient storage
 Insulation
 Cushioning of internal organs
 Hormones (chemical signals that send messages around the body)
TYPES and STRUCTURES
1. FATS – solid at room temp.
2. OILS – liquid at room temp.
 both made up of GLYCEROL and 3 FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acids may be:
 Saturated  has no double bonds (present in fats)
 Unsaturated  has double bonds (present in oils)
General Structure: (known as a triglyceride)
3. PHOSPHOLIPIDS – important in the structure of cell membranes
 made up of a glycerol, PHOSPHATE, and 2 fatty acids
 “head” is polar (hydrophilic)
 “tail” is nonpolar (hydrophobic)
General Structure:
(HTTP://WWW.ELSOMRESEARCH.COM/LEARNING/BOOKLET/BOOKLET_PART4_SEC1.
HTML)
PROTEINS
 most diverse and complex
THEIR FUNCTION
 Provide structure (e.g. hair, bones, muscle)
 Facilitate chemical reactions as enzymes (e.g. amylase in saliva)
 Transport substances (e.g. across cell membrane, hemoglobin in blood)
 Act as chemical messenger (e.g. insulin regulates glucose concentration)
THEIR STRUCTURE
 Made up of monomers called amino acids (20 different a.a.)
General Structure:
(http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/programs/dept/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg)
*See page 14 in your textbook.
 amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide
 polypeptide folds into a 3-D structure to form a very specific shape
*See page 16 in your textbook.
Note: SHAPE of a protein determines its FUNCTION!
NUCLEIC ACIDS
THEIR FUNCTION
 Determine what characteristics living things have (e.g. DNA)
 Direct protein synthesis within the cell
 Energy carrier within the cell
THEIR STRUCTURE
 Monomer is called a nucleotide (nt)
 made up of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
(http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Burgoine/nucleotide.jpg)
http://www.msu.edu/course/isb/202/ebertmay/notes/snotes/02_13_07
_genes_evo1.html
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDNAMOLGEN.html
 Polymer can be:
a. RNA – ribonucleic acid
 single strand of nucleotides
 each nt contains ribose sugar
b. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
 double stranded nucleotides
 each nt contains deoxyribonucleic acid
Note: There are 4 different nucleotides (due to different bases)
DNA  adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA  adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
DNA structure:
(HTTP://FIG.COX.MIAMI.EDU/~CMALLERY/150/GENE/16X5BC.JPG)