Download All the information below can be found in your notes

SECOND SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE
All the information below can be found in your notes or textbook. Remember this is only a guide. There will
be questions on the exam that are not mentioned on this handout. Not all of the ideas mentioned on this guide
will be on the test.
Evolution
A. Definitions
1. Species
9. Fossil record
16. Coevolution
2. Acquired
10. Superposition
17. Extinction
Inheritance
11. Radiometric dating
18. Gradualism
3. Uniformitarianism
12. Homologous
19. Punctuated
4. Natural selection
structures
equilibrium
5. Limiting factors
13. Vestigial structures
20. Speciation
6. Variation
14. Divergent evolution
21. Gene flow
7. Adaptation
15. Convergent
8. Fitness
evolution
B. Be able to explain the process of how natural selection works…not just its definition.
a. What are the four factors?
C. Be able to explain how the following topics support the theory of evolution
1. Fossils
a. Know the five types of fossils.
b. Be able to explain how radiometric dating provides the age of fossils.
2. Homologous structures
3. Vestigial structures
4. Biochemistry
5. Embryological development
6. Missing Links
7. Resistant organisms
D. How does convergent and divergent evolution differ?
E. How is gene flow reduced/stopped by the various types of isolation?
F. Be able to explain the nebula hypothesis.
G. Be able to explain the conditions on early Earth.
H. What was the importance of Miller & Urey’s famous experiment?
I. What is the significance of liposomes?
Ecology
A. Definitions:
1. Ecology
12. Producer
2. Population
13. Consumer
3. Community
14. Autotrophs
4. Ecosystem
15. Chemotrophs
5. Biome
16. Trophic level
6. Biosphere
17. Detritivore
7. Habitat
18. Decomposer
8. Niche
19. Omnivore
9. Keystone species
20. Carnivore
10. Biotic factors
21. Competitive
11. Abiotic factors
exclusion principle
B. How are the levels of ecology organized within the biosphere?
22. Resource
23. Competition
24. Predation
25. Symbiosis
26. Exponential growth
27. Logistic growth
28. Carrying capacity
29. Pioneer species
30. Climax community
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Be able to describe examples of biotic and abiotic factors.
Know how to read a food web and food chain. Examine your textbook for diagrams.
Be able to identify the different trophic levels within an ecosystem.
Be able to identify the different types of symbiosis.
From the beginning, be able to describe the stages of primary succession.
From the beginning, be able to describe the stages of secondary succession.
Be able to explain the causes, effects, and solutions to:
1. Global warming
2. Ozone layer depletion
3. Smog/ozone
4. Acid rain
5. Biomagnification
6. Exotic species introduction
J. From the beginning, be able to describe the stages of primary succession.
Human Body
A. Definitions:
1. Homeostasis
10. Hormones
17. Antibodies
2. Thermoregulation
11. Systolic pressure
18. Antigens
3. Determination
12. Diastolic pressure
19. Bolus
4. Differentiation
13. Pulmonary
20. Chyme
5. Apoptosis
circulation
21. Sphincters
6. Neurons
14. Systemic
22. Peristalsis
7. Synapse
circulation
23. Calorie
8. Neurotransmitters
15. Pathogens
24. Dialysis
9. Glands
16. Vaccination
B. How does a disruption of homeostasis lead to diabetes?
C. What are stem cells? What is their importance to medical research?
D. Know the levels of cellular organization within the body.
E. Know the different types of tissue within the body.
F. Know the four basic components of the human Control System.
G. How does positive and negative feedback differ?
H. Nervous System
a. What is the function of the nervous system?
b. Know the parts of a neuron.
c. Know the types of neurons.
d. What happened during an action potential?
e. Know the parts of the eye if given a description and/or diagram.
f. How is an action potential created in the eyes, ears, mouth, and nose?
g. Know the different types of receptors.
I. Endocrine System
a. What is the function of the endocrine system?
b. How do steroid and nonsteroid hormones differ?
c. Be able to identify the various glands of the endocrine system and explain what they do.
J. Circulatory System
a. What is the function of the circulatory system?
b. Be able to trace the path blood travels through the circulatory system.
c. Be able to identify parts of the heart.
K. Respiratory System
a. What is the function of the respiratory system?
L.
M.
N.
O.
b. Be able to trace the path that O2/CO2 travels through the respiratory system.
c. Be able to identify the various parts of the respiratory system.
Blood
a. Know the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
b. Know the characteristics of blood groups A, B, AB, and O.
c. Know the characteristics of Rh factors.
d. Be able to identify if blood transfusions will be successful if given a patient and a donor.
Immune System
a. What is the function of the immune system?
b. What roles do the following play?
i. The skin
ii. Mucus membranes
iii. White blood cells
iv. Defense proteins
v. Vaccination
Digestive System
a. Know the characteristics of the 6 basic nutrients.
b. What is the function of the digestive system?
c. Be able to trace the path that food travels through the digestive system.
d. Be able to identify the various parts of the digestive system.
Excretory System
a. What is the function of the excretory system?
b. Be able to explain how blood is purified within the kidney.
c. Be able to identify the various parts of the excretory system.
Plants
A. Definitions
a. Vascular system
f. Gametophyte
b. Haploid
g. Alternation of
c. Diploid
generations
d. Zygote
h. Rhizoids
e. Sporophyte
i. Sporangia
B. How have plants adapted to life on dry land?
C. Be able to explain/identify basic characteristics of a moss.
D. Be able to explain the life cycle of a moss.
E. Be able to explain/identify basic characteristics of a fern.
F. Be able to explain the life cycle of a fern.
G. Be able to explain/identify basic characteristics of a conifer.
H. Be able to explain the life cycle of a conifer.
I. Be able to explain/identify basic characteristics of flowering plants.
J. Be able to explain the life cycle of a flowering plant.
j.
k.
l.
m.
Fronds
Prothallus
Germination
Dormancy