Download Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
9-1 Chemical Pathways
Chemical Energy and Food
• Cellular respiration happens ________ and in many _______.
• If all the energy was release in one step . . .
Most would be lost as _______ and _______!
 Cellular respiration breaks down _________ molecules and banks their
energy in ________.
Photosyntheis
_______ + _______+ ______  ______ + ______
Respiration
_______ + _______ ______ + ______ + ______
The two equations are exact ___________!
• Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1o Celsius = ________
• Unit for measuring energy in food = __________
• 1 Calorie = ______________
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Occurs in three main stages
Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Occurs in the ______________
• Breaks down glucose into ______________________
_______________________________
Stage 2: The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
• Takes place in the ________________
• _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
• Provides third stage of cell respiration with ____________
Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)
• Occurs in the _________________
• Uses the ___________________________________to
pump H+ across a membrane
• Harnesses the energy of the _________________________
______________________, producing ATP
NADH
High-energy electrons
carried by NADH
Stage 1
NAD
H an
d
Stage 1
Stage 2
GLYCOLYSI
S
Glucos
Pyruvat
e
e
FADH
2
Stage 3
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
(Electron Transport
and Chemiosmosis)
CITRIC ACID
CYCLE
Krebs
Stage 2
Mitochondrio
n
Cytoplas
m
CO
Stage 3
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
2
CO
AT
P
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
2
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Understanding Oxidation and Reduction
• Oxidation _______________________; electrons are removed from
hydrogen atoms contained in glucose.
• Reduction _______________________; oxygen atoms accept
hydrogen and electrons forming water H2O.
• Remember ______________________________________________
Electron Carriers (enzymes) Involved
• NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
_________________________________________
• FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
_________________________________________
Glycolysis
(Clykos = ________, Lysis = _______________)
• The first step in cellular respiration = _____________
• Happens is the ______________ outside the mitochondria
• Does not require ________, BUT it needs some ________ to get it started.
• What molecule is going to supply the energy?
T
P
PUT IN ________ and GET BACK ________
Net gain of ________ and _________
• Produces pyruvic acid (pyruvate – __________________________)
• Cell needs to invest some energy to get a _______________________
• Occurs quickly, in __________________to respond to increased
energy demand
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
The Krebs Cycle
• Has a double membrane, with an ___________________________
• ___________________________of the inner membrane
• The _____________is the innermost compartment, which is filled with a
____________________.
• _________________________________________________of the
mitochondria.
• Pyruvic acid enters the
_________________________.
• Pyruvic acid is converted into an
intermediate ___________________
______________________________
before entering the Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle breaks down carbon compounds into ____________
____________________________________________________.
Carbon dioxide is __________________________________
ATP can be used directly to ___________________________
High energy electron carriers move into the _______________
_____________________
Electron Transport Chain
• Enzymes ____________________ for the electron transport chain are
located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Several complexes are
called __________________.
• Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport
chain, ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
• Energy released by the redox reactions is used to _________________
____________________________________________________________________________
CHEMIOSMOSIS
•
In chemiosmosis, the H+ diffuses back through the ________________
__________________________________. Driving the synthesis of ATP
.
H
H
+
+
+
Electron
carrier
FADH
Electron
flow
H
+
H+
Intermembrane
space
+
H
H
+
+
ATP
synthase
FAD
2
1 O
2
NAD
NAD
H
Mitochondrial
matrix
H
H
Protein
complex
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
H+
+
H
2
+
H
+
H
+
H2O
H
+
+
2
AD
P
Electron Transport Chain
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

ATP
P
H+
Chemiosmosis
Fermentation
• Pyruvic acid moves to the next step
– If there is no oxygen = _____________
– If there is oxygen = ______________
Fermentation
• Fermentation – _______________________________________________
• Two types of fermentation:
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
Alcoholic Fermentation
• Happens when _______ makes bread dough rise, _____________ make
air spaces in bread. (Alcohol _____________ during cooking)
• Happens when:
– _______________________________
– _______________________________
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Happens in ________ during exercise when body can’t get _________ to
tissues fast enough.
• ______________ builds up in muscles causing _________.
• Bacteria use lactic acid fermentation to make:
____________________________________________________________
The Totals
• Cellular Respiration (aerobic: _____________)
1 glucose  _________
• Fermentation (anaerobic: _______________)
1 glucose  ________