Download Anatomy and Physiology 1

Anatomy & Physiology 1:
Review for Exam #1(Ch 1-4)
Dr. Solti, 2012
Chapter 1:
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Know the definitions for: anatomy, physiology, embryology, histology,
pathology
Know the levels of structural organization in the body
Know the functions of the organ systems
Know the definition of homeostasis; understand positive and negative feedback
and how they work; stimulus and 3 components of feedback system
Know the anatomical position, know the common names/corresponding
anatomical terms for specific body regions; know supine and prone
Know all directional terms
Know planes and sections
Know the body cavities and their parts
Know the 4 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
Chapter 2:
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Know the definitions of matter, mass, weight, element and atom
Know the subatomic particles of an atom; know atomic number, atomic mass,
isotopes
Know the definition of chemical bonding, ion, cation, anion, ionic bonding,
covalent bonding, polar covalent bonding, nonpolar covalent bonding, hydrogen
bonding
Know that anabolic reactions (anabolism) build larger polymers from smaller
monomers. These are called dehydration synthesis reactions and one water
molecule is removed for each new bond made. Catabolic reactions (catabolism)
breaks down larger polymers into smaller ones. These are decomposition or
hydrolysis reactions since one water molecule is added for every bond broken.
Know oxidation-reduction: losing or donating electrons is oxidation, gaining
electrons is reduction.
Know about enzymes; know how enzymes speed up reactions
Know the definitions of inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry
Understand the pH scale, neutral, acid, base
Know what carbohydrates are; their monomers are simple sugars
(monosaccharides); study Table for roles of carbohydrates and examples of
mono-, di- and polysaccharides and their functions
Know what lipids are; their monomers are glycerol and fatty acids; know Table
for functions/examples; Know what a fat is, unsaturated fat and saturated fat,
phospholipids, steroid
Know what a protein is, monomers are amino acids, Table for functions/examples
Know what nucleic acids are, monomers are nucleotides which are made up of:
pentose sugar (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), phosphate, and
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nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine in DNA or adenine, uracil,
guanine, cytosine in RNA).
Know what ATP is and its function
Chapter 3:
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Know all of the parts of a cell and their function
Know plasma membrane, the fluid-mosaic model, and marker molecules
Know hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic, what happens to cells if placed in each of
these solutions
Understand protein synthesis: transcription and translation.
Know the cell cycle
Understand mitosis, the mitotic phases, and cytokinesis
Understand meiosis
Chapter 4:
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Know the definitions of tissue, histology, extracellular matrix
Know the 4 major tissue types; their characteristics and functions
Epithelial tissue: know their functions and characteristics
Know how epithelium is classified
Know structure, function, and locations of simple squamous epithelium, simple
cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium
(both moist and keratinized), pseudostratified columnar epithelium (both ciliated
and nonciliated), and transitional epithelium
Epithelium: avascular, has nerves
Connective Tissue: has vasculature (exceptions ..cartilage, tendons/ligaments),
has nerves (exception....cartilage)
Know the difference between blast cells, cyte cells, and clast cells of CT
Know the 2 types of embryonic CT: mesenchyme and Wharton’s Jelly
Know the 6 types of adult CT: loose CT, dense CT, adipose tissue, cartilage,
bone, bone marrow/blood
Know the 3 types of fibers in CT extracellular matrix
Know the characteristics/location of 3 types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage,
fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage; no blood vessels, no nerves, heals very slowly;
exception: perichondrium surrounding cartilage (vasculature, nerves)
Know the characteristics of bone; locations of spongy bone/cancellous (know
trabeculae and lacunae) and compact bone (know lacunae, lamella, osteons),
Know about bone marrow; red versus yellow
Know what neurons are, know about the cell body, axons (message away),
dendrites (message toward); know neuroglia
Know the 3 types of muscle tissue and their characteristics
Know mucous membranes, synovial membranes, serous membranes
Know about tissue aging