Download Test 5 Notecards

Test 5 Notecards
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genetics: the study of heredity.
Mendel: studied crosses between pea plants to predict the genes of offspring.
homologous chromosomes: a pair of chromosomes; one from the mother, one
from the father.
dominant: represented by at least one uppercase letter; if a dominant allele is
present, the organism will show the dominant trait; can be BB or Bb.
recessive: represented by two lowercase letters; if recessive trait is shown, no
dominant allele is present; can be bb.
genotype: the possible alleles of an organism; ex: BB, Bb, bb.
phenotype: the physical portrayal of alleles; ex: brown fur or black fur.
heterozygous (hybrid): has two different alleles; ex. Bb; will have the
dominant trait.
homozygous (purebred): has the same two alleles; ex. BB or bb.
punnett square: cross between the genotypes of the parents to predict the
outcome of the offspring’s genotypes.
incomplete dominance: will cause a blending of traits; ex. Japanese four
o’clock plants  red (RR) + white (WW) produces pink (RW)
codominance: both alleles contribute to the offspring’s genotype; ex. Chickens
 black (BB) + white (WW) produces speckled black and white (BW)
multiple alleles: have more than two alleles; ex. Rabbit fur
polygenic traits: controlled by two or more genes; ex. Skin color
karyotype: picture of human chromosomes, paired, and placed in order of
increasing size; can determine sex and some disorders (down syndrome).
gametes: sex cells
autosomes: all other body cells
male: XY
female: XX
pedigree: shows a family history of certain traits; females represented with a
circle, males represented by a square; colored in has the trait, half colored is a
carrier, and blank is unaffected.
blood types: B  IBIB or IBi, A  IAIA or IAi, AB  IAIB, O  ii
sex-linked disorders: carried on the X chromosome; more common in males
because they only have one X; include hemophilia and colorblindness; mother
can have the disorder (XhXh), be a carrier (XhX), or be unaffected (XX); father
can have the disorder (XhY) or be unaffected XY.
Trisomy 21 (Downs syndrome): extra chromosome (3) on chromosome
number 21.
Turners syndrome: only one sex chromosome (X).
Klinefelters syndrome: extra X chromosome (XXY).
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; composed of nucleotides; carries genetic info.
nucleotide: 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
bases: purines  adenine and guanine; pyrimidines  thymine and cytosine;
A and T pair; C and G pair.
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transcription: DNA is transformed into mRNA; remember to replace T’s with
U’s.
translation: mRNA strand is used to determine the amino acid sequence
RNA vs. DNA: sugars are different, RNA has uracil instead of thymine; DNA
is double stranded, RNA is single.
mutations: a change in DNA that causes genetic diversity.
cloning: take the nucleus from an egg cell and fused with another; the fused
cell is implanted into a host mother.
selective breeding: choosing which organisms to cross.
hybridization: crossing dissimilar organisms for desired traits
human genome project: mapped out human chromosomes.
gel electrophoresis: used to compare DNA samples; splits DNA into
fragments that are run through a gel; two most similar samples are the same
organism.