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Ch. 3 - Anatomy of Cells
I.
Introduction (p. 69)
A. Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann - Cell Theory
1.
____________________ are composed of cells
2.
Cells are __________________________ in
living things
3.
New cells are produced from ____________
II.
Functional Anatomy of Cells (p. 69)
A. Size range: _____ micrometers - _____micrometers
B. The typical cell (Fig. 3-1) or composite cell exhibits
important chara. of many distinctive cell type
1. ______ typical cell exists
2. Cell types (Table 3.1) -___________________
C. Cell structures (Fig. 3-1)- All cells have 3 major parts:
1. ________________- separates cell from its
surrounding environment
2. _________- gel-like substance that is made of
various organelles suspended in watery fluid = cytosol
3. ____________ - control center of cell
III.
Cell Membranes (Fig. 3-2, Table 3-3)
- __________ membrane
- membranous organelles (sacs/canals made of same membrane materials)
- made of _______, __________ & other molecules
A.
Fluid mosaic model- molecules of membrane bound tightly enough
to form a continuous sheet but loosely enough that the molecules
can slip past one another
1.
Phospholipid (Fig. 2-22)- double layer
a. Polar P containing head (__________________)
b. Tails - hydrocarbon fatty acid chains (______________)
c. Attached sugars- glycolipids
d. Cholesterol - help _______________ bilayer structure
2.
Membrane proteins (Fig. 3-2)-in lipid bilayer
a.
_______________- like "gates", allow _________
soluble molecules to pass; selective
b.
______________ - react in presence of hormones or
other chem. And trigger metabolic changes in the
cell
c.
Enzymes that catalyze cell rxns
d.
____________-CHO attached to outer surface of
proteins; serve as identification markers
(Ex. Immune cells)
IV.
Cytoplasm and Organelles (p. 77)
A.
___________
1. fluid-like
2. water, salts, sugars, proteins
3. ______________ - "little organs" are suspended in cytosol
B.
Membranous/ nonmembranous organelles (Table 3-2)
1.
Endoplasmic reticulum (Figs. 3-5, 3-8)
a. A network of membranous-walled canals and flat,
curving sacs arranged in parallel rows
b. _________- studded w/ ribosomes; functions in protein
synthesis and intracellular transportation of molecules
c. __________ - no ribosomes; synthesize certain lipids,
steroid hormones, and carbohydrates (form
glycoproteins), no proteins
- makes membrane for use throughout cell
2.
_____________(Figs. 3-3, 3-5)a. Attached to _________ or scattered throughout
cytoplasm
b. composed or ribosomal RNA & Protein
c. ___________synthesis
d. ER ribosomes synthesize proteins for
"export" or for cell membranes
e. ______________ - proteins for cell use
3.
Golgi apparatus (Figs. 3-4, 3-5, 3-8)
a. Appears as flattened membranous sac (_____________)
situated close to _______
b. Modifies, conc., & packages _________
- chem. altered-ex. Sugar added
c. _________ vesicles, vesicles for plasma membrane, or
lysosome vesicles
4.
Lysosomes (Fig. 3-1)a. Membranous vesicles pinched off ______
b. _________ enzymes capable of breaking down all main
components of cells
c. " _________________"
5.
Peroxisomes
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.
Mitochondria (Figs. 3-6)
a. bean-shaped
b. ______________ membranes
1. inner- folds form cristae
-enzymes for ATP
2. outer
c. "power plant"
d. self replicate when E consumption inc
e. # mito in cell directly related to cell
activity (Liver cell, muscle cell)
V.
VI.
Nucleus (Fig. 3-7) - ________________, located centrally
A.
________________ (Fig. 3-7)- nuclear substance
B.
Nuclear envelope (Fig. 3-7)1. _________ membrane
2. Has nuclear pores that selectively permit molecules
to enter/leave nucleus
C.
Contain DNA molecules
1. Chromatin (Fig. 3-7)- DNA
(thin, elongated)
2. Chromosomes - DNA molecules tightly coiled
during cell division
D.
Nucleolus (Fig. 3-7)
1. Consists of ___________
2. no membrane
3. Synthesize _______________ & combine w/ protein
4. Produce ribosome subunits
Cytoskeleton (p. 83)- _________________________& allows movement
A.
Cell fibers (Figs. 3-8, 3-9)
1.
Form 3D irregularly shaped ________
2.
Support organelles in cytoplasm
3.
_______________ -smallest cell fibers
a. thin twisted strands of protein
b. contractile actin (_________)
c. cell motility & movement of cell parts
4.
Intermediate filaments - twisted protein fibers; slightly
thicker
a. ______________________
b. Ex. ___________
5.
Microtubules - _______________
a. spiral arrangement of __________
b. move things around in cell or move entire cell
c. Ex. _____________
B.
Centrosome (Figs. 3-1)
1.
Microtubule organization center
a. _______________________________
2.
Important role in cell division w/ construction of ________
3.
C.
VII.
Contains centrioles
a. 2 cylindrical bodies, right angles
b. ___ triplets
Cell extensions- projections of plasma membrane
1.
Microvilli (Figs. 3-1; 3-10, A)
a. intestinal cells (_________)
b. _______________________
c. ___________ surface area
2.
Cilia (Fig. 3-10, B) & Flagella (Fig.3-10,C)
a. Cilia are shorter; more numerous
- move in unison
- respiratory tract
b. Flagella are single, long structure
- sperm
c. all made of cylinders of microtubules
Cell Connections (Fig. 3-11)
A.
__________________(Fig. 3-11)
1. Small "weld spots" hold adj cells together
2. Ex. Adjacent skin cells
3. fibers on outer surface interlock
4. anchored internally by intermediate filaments
B.
__________________ (Fig. 3-11)
1. Membrane channels of adj. plasma membranes
2. Form gaps for passage of chem. substances
3. Allows for electrical impulse to spread (____________)
C.
_____________________ (Fig. 3-11)
1. protein molecules of adj. cells _________
2. encircles cell
3. ___________
4. prevents free passages of molecules
5. _____________________