Download DNA TECHNOLOGY

 International study to
determine:
 ~25,000 genes
 Sequence of 3 billion
nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G’s)
 Create & improve
methods of analyzing
DNA
 Address ethical, legal &
social issues
 Technique used to isolate
sections of DNA
 1st used in DNA profiling,
also used in paternity
tests, genome maps &
disease locators.
 DNA is broken up
(restriction enzyme) &
sorted by size using gel
electrophoresis
 Results then transferred to membrane (Southern Blot)
 DNA probes are then attached to each broken segment
to determine actual nucleotide sequence
 Issues:
 Requires large #of DNA
samples
 Long, complicated process
 Replaced RFLP for SNP 
Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism
 Most common form of
genetic variation btw
people
 Occurs 1 in every 300 bases
 99% of genetic code is
same.
 Method used to produce
millions of copies of a
small sample of DNA in
approx. 2 hours.
 Denature DNA & force
replication to occur.
 Process is repeated thru
multiple cycles to
produce millions of
copies.
 Taq polymerase
 Extracted from bacteria
live in hot springs
 Process:
 Denaturing (break
open)
 Annealing (primers or
synthetic DNA strands
attach)
 Extension (enzyme
initiates replication)
 Early embryonic cells
that have yet to
differentiate (specialize)
 Cloning
 Disease research &
treatment
 Creation of genetically
modified
products/organisms
 Manipulating genetic
material
 Genetic Modifications
 Changes to an organism
DNA
 Transgenic Modifications
 Combining DNA from 2
separate organisms
 Cross-breeding
 Unnatural breeding of
organisms
 Beefalo
 Cross between domestic cattle & American buffalo
 Buffalo are larger, heartier animals that require less care
 Retain the flavor of beef
 3/8 bison
 5/8 bovine
 Fertile offspring
 Arctic Apple
 Turn off the gene that
controls the enzyme
polyphenol oxidase
 Prevent browning of apples
 Golden Rice
 Splice genes from daffodils into the genome of white rice
 Increase the vitamin A content of the rice