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BIOLOGY 1 FIRST SEMESTER FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET ORGANIC CHEMISTRY What are the monomer and polymer names for each of the four organic groups? What are the major functions of each of the four organic groups? CELLS Describe the functions of each part of the microscope. Distinguish between a Prokaryotic and a Eukaryotic cell. Give examples of each type Relate each cell organelle to its job. How does diffusion, active transport, and osmosis help the cell to reach equilibrium. Draw a diagram of these three situations: Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic CELLULAR ENERGY Describe how photosynthesis and respiration are related to each other. What are the 3 major steps of respiration. How much energy does each make? What are the two major parts of photosynthesis. Which part makes glucose? Do plant cells ever go through respiration. If so when... CELL CYCLE: Describe the cell cycle. Describe what happens each stage in the cell cycle, including mitosis. What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin? Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis What are the stages of Mitosis? What happens in each stage? Describe the phases of meiosis. Why are there two divisions during meiosis? Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number during meiosis? MOLECULAR GENETICS: Breifly describe the important discoveries of the following people: - Hershey and Chase, Chargaff, Watson and Crick, Rosalind Franklin. Describe the structure of DNA, How does DNA replicate? Compare the structure of DNA to RNA How is RNA made from DNA, What is this process called? What is translation? How does Protein synthesis work? What is a codon? How does it relate to an anticodon? Where would you find DNA and RNA in the cell? CLASSICAL GENETICS: Be able to complete a Monohybrid from P1: TT x tt through the F2 : Tt x Tt Be able to complete a Dihybrid from P1: TTBB x ttbb through the F2 : TtBb x TtBb Solve problems involving Incomplete dominance and Codominance How is an allele different from a gene? How many alleles make up a gene? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? How is a test cross useful? I have mostly tall corn plants, a few are short. Do a test cross to determine which are hybrids. How is the coat color of a Labrador retriever passed on from generation to generation? What is an Epistatic Gene? PRACTICE CROSSES 1. In Labrador Retrievers, Black coats (B) are dominant to Chocolate Coats (b). Yet an Epistatic (light switch) gene determines if the coat color is expressed (E) or not expressed (e) 4. Cross two heterozygous round seed plants. THE CROSS ___Rr___ X ___Rr___ Now, breed a purebred Black lab that does not carry the recessive epistatic gene with a purebred Chocolate lab that is known to carry the recessive epistatic gene. THE CROSS ____________ X ____________ ratio________ Genotypic Phenotypic ratio_______ 5. Cross homozygous green with homozygous yellow 2. Breed two Black labs that are both known to be heterozygous for each trait THE CROSS THE CROSS ____GG____ X ____gg_____ _______________ X _______________ Genotypic ratio________ Phenotypic ratio_______ 6. Cross two light blue butterflies THE CROSS ___ CBCW ___ X __ CBCW ____ What is the phenotypic ratio??_____________________ 3. Cross a black lab of unknown ancestry with a yellow lab of unknown ancestry. THE CROSS ___________ X ___________ Use the punnett square below – though we may not need all of the spaces to complete the cross… Genotypic ratio________ Phenotypic ratio_______ 7. Mate two roan horses THE CROSS ____ HRHW ___ X __ HRHW _____ Genotypic ratio________ Phenotypic ratio_______
