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Download Natural Disaster Project Top Ten Volcanic Eruptions Rank Event
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Natural Disaster Project Top Ten Volcanic Eruptions Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Event Mount Tambora Krakatoa Location Indonesia Date Death Toll April 10, 92,000 1815 Indonesia May 26–27, 36,000 1883 Mount Pompeii and August 24, 33,000 Vesuvius Herculaneum, 79 AD Italy Mount Pelee Martinique May 7 or 29,000 May 8, 1902 Nevado Del Columbia November 23,000 Ruiz 13, 1985 Mount Unzen Japan 1792 15,000 Mount Kelut Indonesia 1586 10,000 Laki Iceland June 8, 1783 9,350 Santa Maria Guatemala 1902 6,000 Mount Kelut Indonesia May 19, 5,115 1919 1. Mount Tambora was an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. After a large magma chamber inside the mountain filled over the course of several decades, volcanic activity reached a historic climax in the super-colossal eruption of April 1815. The 1815 eruption is rated 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Most deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease, as the eruptive fallout ruined agricultural productivity in the local region. The death toll was at least 71,000 people, of whom 11,000–12,000 were killed directly by the eruption; the often-cited figure of 92,000 people killed is believed to be overestimated. The eruption created global climate anomalies. 2. Krakatoa was a volcanic island in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The island exploded in 1883, killing approximately 40,000 people, although some estimates put the death toll much higher. The explosion is still considered to be the loudest sound ever heard in modern history, with reports of it being heard nearly 3,000 miles from its point of origin. The shock wave from the explosion was recorded on barographs around the globe. 3. Mount Vesuvius is a stratovolcano on the Bay of Naples, Italy, about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years, although it is not currently erupting. Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is today regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions. It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world. 4. Mount Pelée is an active volcano at the northern end of the island. It is among the deadliest stratovolcanoes on Earth. Its volcanic cone is composed of layers of volcanic ash and hardened lava. The volcano is famous for its eruption in 1902 and the destruction that resulted, dubbed the worst volcanic disaster of the 20th century. The eruption killed about 30,000 people. Most deaths were caused by pyroclastic flows and occurred in the city of Saint-Pierre, which was, at that time, the largest city on the island.Pyroclastic flows completely destroyed St. Pierre, a town of 30,000 people, within minutes of the eruption. The eruption left only three survivors in the direct path of the volcano. The event marked the only major volcanic disaster in the history of France and its overseas territories. 5. Nevado del Ruiz is the northernmost volcano of the Andean Volcanic Belt It is a stratovolcano, composed of many layers of lava alternating with hardened volcanic ash and other pyroclastic rocks. Nevado Del Ruiz has been active for about two million years. Nevado Del Ruiz usually generates Plinian eruptions, which produce swift-moving currents of hot gas and rock called pyroclastic flows. These eruptions often cause massive lahars (mud and debris flows), which pose a threat to human life and the environment. On November 13, 1985, a small eruption produced an enormous lahar that buried and desolated the town and caused an estimated 23,000 deaths. This event later became known as the Armero tragedy—the deadliest lahar in recorded history. 6. Mount Unzenis an active volcanic group of several overlapping stratovolcanoes, near the city of Shimabaraon the island of Kyūshū, Japan’s southernmost main island.In 1792, the collapse of one of its several lava domes triggered a tsunami that killed about 15,000 people in Japan’s worst-ever volcanic-related disaster. The volcano was most recently active from 1990 to 1995, and a large eruption in 1991 generated a pyroclastic flow that killed 43 people, including three volcanologists. 7. Mount Kelut is a volcano located in East Java in Indonesia. Like many Indonesian volcanoes and others on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kelut is known for large explosive eruptions throughout its history. More than 30 eruptions have occurred since 1000 AD. In the 1586 eruption, over 10,000 people were killed and injured from the strength and debris of the volcano. 8. Laki is a volcanic fissure situated in the south of Iceland. Lakagígar is the correct name as the Laki Mountain itself did not erupt, but fissures opened up on each side of it. Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system, centering on the Grímsvötn volcano and including the Þórdarhyrna volcano. It lies between two major glaciers. The system erupted over an 8 month period during 1783-1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining Grímsvötn volcano, pouring out an estimated 14 km3 (3.4 cu mi) of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid/sulfur-dioxide compounds that killed over 50% of Iceland's livestock population, leading to famine which killed approximately 25% of the population. 9. Santa María Volcano is a large active volcano in the Western Highlands of Guatemala, close to the city of Quetzaltenango. Its eruption in 1902 was one of the four largest eruptions of the 20th century, after the 1912 Novarupta and 1991 Pinatubo eruptions. It is also one of the five biggest eruptions of the past 200 (and probably 300) years. The eruption totaled about 6,000 deaths in Guatemala. 10. Mount Kelut-On May 19, 1919, an eruption at Kelut killed an estimated 5,000 people, mostly through hot mudflows. More recent eruptions in 1951, 1966, and 1990 have altogether killed another 250 people. Following the 1966 eruption, the Ampera Tunnels were built (top and bottom) on the southwestern side of the crater to reduce (not drain out to empty) the water of crater lake and thus reduce the lahar hazard.