Download Dominant trait - Integrated Science 3

W15 UNIT TEST ANSWER KEY
STANDARDS:
Word Bank: population, proteins, altered, DNA, mutation, sequence, amino acids, variation, cells,
genes, instructions, sexual reproduction
BIO 5: The genetic composition of cells can be (1) ALTERED by incorporation of
exogenous (2) DNA into the cells.
BIO 4: (3) GENES are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA (4) SEQUENCE of each
organism that specify the sequence of (5) AMINO ACIDS in proteins characteristic of that
organism.
BIO 2: Mutation and (6) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION lead to genetic (7) VARIATION in a
population.
VOCAB:
Vocab Terms
8. “complementary” (FF)
9. monomer (A)
10. gene expression (KK)
11. polymer (W)
12. double helix (i)
13. nucleic acids (V)
14. recombinant DNA (M)
15. plasmid (DD)
16. restriction enzyme (K)
17. codon (O)
18. ribosomes (N)
19. mutations (J)
20. chromosomes (L)
21. genes (EE)
22. gametes (U)
23. diploid (CC)
24. haploid (GG)
25. homologous
chromosomes (Q)
26. crossing over (R)
27. spermatogonia (BB)
28. oogonia (LL)
29. zygote (ii)
30. Mendel (X)
31. Genetics (B)
32. Inheritance (C)
33. Genotype (D)
34. Phenotype (E)
35. Dominant (F)
36. Recessive (Y)
37. Homozygous (Z)
38. Heterozygous (AA)
39. Allele (H)
40. Progeny (P)
Definitions
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
aa.
bb.
cc.
dd.
ee.
ff.
gg.
hh.
ii.
jj.
kk.
ll.
A repeating component of a polymer
The study of inheritence of traits
What is passed on to the next generation
The type of genes you have
The external trait or result of the genotype
Stronger trait, only need to have one copy
The information storage of a cell
Version of a type of gene
The twisted stairway shape of DNA
Permanent change in the DNA, through alteration of sequences
Enzyme used to cut DNA
Long pieces of DNA which contains genes
DNA from two different species, recombined for a purpose
Manufactures proteins using mRNA and tRNA
Three nitrogen bases together, code for an amino acid
Science term for offspring or “kids”
Matching chromosomes, based on length, color when stained, and
type of genes they contain
A stage early in meiosis when parts of chromosomes are swapped
between homologous chromosomes
The temporary “copy” of information, used for making proteins
A string of amino acid monomers, does the work of the cell
Sex cells, produced through meiosis
Acids composed of nucleotides, DNA and RNA are examples
A string of a bunch of the same thing, monomers
The father of genetics
Weaker trait, is covered by stronger traits
Having two of the same alleles for a given gene type
Have two different alleles for a given gene type
The sexual organs where the male gametes are produced
Having 2n chromosomes, each has a homologous pair
Circular piece of DNA used in DNA technology
A short region of DNA which contains instructions for making a protein
When a nitrogen base matches another
Having n chromosomes, half the normal number of chromosomes
The monomer which is used the make protein polymers
A fertilized egg
The original DNA which is copied
The turning on and off of certain genes, for different functions of cells
The sexual organs where the female gametes are produced
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS:
GENERAL STRUCTURE DNA/RNA:
41 What is the monomer of DNA/RNA called? NUCLEOTIDE
42 Each nucleotide has three parts (subunits): B,C,F
a. six-carbon hexose sugar
b. five-carbon pentose sugar
c. phosphate
d. carbonate
e. phosphorus base
f. nitrogen base
43 DNA Backbone: If you have a sugar subunit, what is the next subunit? PHOSPHATE
44 Match: TTTCCAG
DNA and RNA DIFFERENCES: Write D for DNA, R for RNA
45 (D) Comes in one type only
46 (R) Aids in protein-making in cell
47 (R) Single-stranded
48 (R) Comes in three types
49 (D) Has deoxyribose
50 (R) Has ribose
51 (R) Sequence: AGGGUUC
52 (D) Double-stranded
53 (D) Information storage
54 (D) Double Helix
55 (D) Sequence: ATTTGGC
56 (R) Temporary copies
PROTEIN STRUCTURE/ PROTEIN FUNCTION:
57 What is the monomer of proteins called? AMINO ACID
58 HORMONES, TRANSPORT, ANTIBODIES, CELL FUNCTIONS
STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION:
59 Put the following steps in order: A,C,B,D
a. Enzymes unzip the DNA to separate the two parent strands.
b. Each parent strand acts as a template to form a complementary daughter strand.
c. The DNA strands unwind and are replicated as the replication bubble expands,
and the two “replication forks” move in opposite directions.
d. A newly copied piece of DNA, half parental and half daughter, is formed.
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:
60 DNA --> mRNA --> ribosomes + tRNA --> proteins
STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION:
61 Put the following steps in order: A,C,B
a. A section of DNA is transcribed.
b. RNA goes to the cytoplasm.
c. Only one side of the DNA is copied.
STEPS OF TRANSLATION:
62 Put the following steps in order: C,A,D,B,E
a. Amino acids are bonded to tRNAs, hang out near ribosomes.
b. As each amino acid “read,” an amino acid “chain” or protein forms.
c. mRNA copy of gene, goes to the cytoplasm and ribosomes.
d. As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, mRNA codon, is paired with the
anticodon of the matching tRNA
e. Protein are 50 to 3,000 amino acids in length; structure determines function.
STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING:
63 List two human applications of genetic engineering: MEDICINES, HORMONES
64 List two agricultural applications of genetic engineering: INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY,
SURVIVE HARSH ENVIRONMENTS, INCREASE RESISTANCE TO DISEASE
65 Put the following steps in order: A,C,D,B
a. An important genes is “cut out” using restriction enzymes, and the gene is
amplified either by cloning or by polymerase chain reactions.
b. Recombinant cells are then grown, and their products are extracted from the
cells (or from the medium) and purified.
c. Plasmid/vector is cut, then gene is inserted and ligated in.
d. Plasmid/vector is transformed into host cell.
CAUSES/EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS:
66 Which type of mutation is passed on to the next generation: GERMLINE
MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
67. Meiosis produces HAPLOID gametes.
68. Meiosis has TWO number of divisions.
69. Meiosis ends up with FOUR number of cells.
70. Put the following steps of mitosis in order: (C,D,B,A)
a. Telophase
b. Anaphase
c. Prophase
d. Metaphase
71. Put the following steps of meiosis in order: (A,B,F,E,G,H,D,C)
a. Prophase 1
e. Telophase 1
b. Metaphase 1
f. Anaphase 1
c. Telophase 2
g. Prophase 2
d. Anaphase 2
h. Metaphase 2
72. During what part of meiosis does crossing over occur? PROPHASE 1
73. How does crossing over increase variation in humans? EVERY SEX CELL UNIQUE
74. SEX CELL PRODUCED: Males produce SPERM and females produce EGGS
75. In males, FOUR number of cells go on to make sperm cells.
76. In females, ONE number of cells go to make egg cells.
77. Difference between haploid and diploid cells? HAPLOID IS HALF DIPLOID NUMBER
78. Are your liver cells diploid or haploid? DIPLOID
79. Are your gametes diploid or haploid? HAPLOID
80. Explain your answer: HALF PLUS HALF MAKES A WHOLE INDIVIDUAL
CHROMOSOMES AND SEX (MALE/FEMALE):
81 T/F: The normal human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes. TRUE
82 How many types of chromosomes are there in a human cell? 23
83 How many non-sex chromosomes are there? 44
84 How many chromosomes do you get from each parent? 23
85 Write the combination of sex chromosomes for a man. XY
86 Write the combination of sex chromosomes for a woman. XX
BASIC GENETICS:
Using the data table below, fill in the missing information in the second table.
Squash
Bunnies
Watermelons
Dominant trait
W (yellow)
B (black fur)
G (green)
Recessive trait
w (white)
b (white fur)
g (striped)
Dominant trait
S (sour)
C (cute nose)
S (seeds)
Recessive trait
s (sweet)
c (ugly nose)
s (no seeds)
Organism
Squash
Bunnies
Bunnies
Watermelon
Gene Combination
Ww
BB
91 Cc
ss
Genotype
87 Het. Dom.
89 Hom. Dom.
HET. DOM.
93 Hom. Rec.
Phenotype
88 Yellow
90 Black fur
92 Cute nose
94 No seeds
PUNNETT SQUARES and PROBABILITY:
Using the information in the data table above, do the following problems.
95 Using a Punnett Square, show the possible progeny of a cross between a heterozygous
dominant black-haired bunny, and a homozygous recessive white-haired bunny.
b
b
B
Bb
Bb
b
bb
bb
96 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be white-haired? HALF
97 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be black-haired? HALF
98 Using a Punnett Square, show the possible progeny of a cross between a heterozygous
dominant green watermelon, and a heterozygous dominant green watermelon.
G
g
G
GG
Gg
g
Gg
gg
99 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be green? THREE FOURTHS
100 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be striped? ONE FOURTH
EXTRA CREDIT: (+2 to score)
A Could a person ever have ONLY 2 Y chromosomes? Explain with a diagram AND
Punnett square. WOULD HAVE TO GET A Y FROM EACH PARENT – NOT POSSIBLE
AS WOMAN CAN ONLY OFFER X.
X
X
B
C
X
XX
XX
Y
XY
XY
Using the table above, what are the possible genotypes for a black-haired, cute-nosed
bunny? BBCC, BbCC, BBCc, BbCc
Using a Punnett square, show the possible progeny of a cross between a heterozygous
dominant (for both traits) black-haired, cute-nosed bunny, and a white-haired, ugly-nosed
bunny. List all the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the possible progeny.
bc
bc
bc
bc
BC
BbCc
black, cute
Bc
Bbcc
black, ugly
bC
bbCc
white, cute
bc
bbcc
white, ugly