Download Chapter 3: Cells

Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed.
Chapter 3: Cells
Chapter 3: Cells
I. Introduction
A. An adult human body consists of about ________________________________ cells.
B. There are at least _________________________________________ varieties of cells.
C. Cells are measured in units called __________________________________________
D. A micrometer equals ____________________________________________________
E. A human egg cell is about ______________________________________ in diameter.
F. A red blood cell is about _______________________________________ in diameter.
G. Cells have different, distinctive shapes that make possible their __________________
II. A Composite Cell
A. Introduction
1. It is not possible to describe a typical cell because _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. A composite cell includes __________________________________________
3. The three major parts of a cell are ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The nucleus is enclosed by _________________________________________
5. The nucleus contains ______________________________________________
6. The cytoplasm is composed of specialized structures called ________________
that are suspended in a liquid called _____________.
7. The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is contained by the ______________
B. Cell Membrane
1. General Characteristics
a. The cell membrane controls ___________________________________
b. The cell membrane is called selectively permeable because __________
____________________________________________________________
c. Signal transduction is ________________________________________
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2. Membrane Structure
a. The cell membrane is mainly composed of _______________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The cell membrane has a double layer of ________________________
c. The surfaces of the cell membrane are formed by __________________
____________________________________________________________
d. The interior of the cell membrane is formed by ___________________
____________________________________________________________
e. The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to ________________________
____________________________________________________________
f. The phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to _____________________
____________________________________________________________
g. ____________________________ help to stabilize the cell membrane.
h. Five types of membrane proteins are ____________________________
____________________________________________________________
i. Receptor proteins function to __________________________________
j. Integral proteins function to ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________
k. Enzymes of the membrane function in __________________________
l. Cellular adhesion molecules function to __________________________
m. Cell surface proteins function to _______________________________
3. Intercellular Junctions
a. Intercellular junctions connect _________________________________
b. Three types of intercellular junctions are_________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. Tight junctions are located in cells that __________________________
d. Tight junctions function to ____________________________________
e. Desmosomes are located in cells of _____________________________
f. Desmosomes function to _____________________________________
g. Gap junctions are located in cells of the _________________________
____________________________________________________________
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h. Gap junctions function to _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Cellular Adhesion Molecules
a. Two examples of CAMs are __________________________________
b. Selectin functions to _________________________________________
c. Integrin functions to _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
C. Cytoplasm
1. The cytoskeleton is _______________________________________________
2. Ribosomes are composed of ________________________________________
3. Ribosomes are the sites of __________________________________________
4. Unlike many of the other organelles, ribosomes are not ___________________
__________________________.
5. Two places ribosomes are found are __________________________________
6. The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The function of endoplasmic reticulum is ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with __________________________
9. Proteins move from the ER to the ____________________________________
10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is ___________________________________
11. SER contains enzymes that ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. The structure of the Golgi apparatus is _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. The Golgi apparatus functions to ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. Vesicle trafficking is _____________________________________________
15. Vesicles are ____________________________________________________
16. Vesicles are formed by____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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17. Vesicles function to ______________________________________________
18. The structure of mitochondria is ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
19. The two layers of a mitochondrion are _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
20. Cristae are _____________________________________________________
21. Mitochondria function to __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. Lysosomes function to ____________________________________________
23. Lysosomes contain _______________________________________________
24. Peroxisomes contain _____________________________________________
25. Peroxisomes are most abundant in a cell of the _________________________
and ______________________________________________________________ .
26. The enzymes of peroxisomes function to _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
27. The structure of a centrosome is ____________________________________
28. A centrosome is usually located near the ______________________________
29. Centrosomes function to __________________________________________
30. The structure of a cilium is ________________________________________
31. The function of cilia is ____________________________________________
32. The structure of a flagellum is ______________________________________
33. The function of flagella are ________________________________________
34. Microfilaments are _______________________________________________
35. Microfilaments cause _____________________________________________
36. Microtubules are ________________________________________________
37. Three functions of microtubules are _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
38. Inclusions are ___________________________________________________
D. Cell Nucleus
1. The nucleus contains ______________________________________________
2. Chromosomes are_________________________________________________
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3. The nucleus is enclosed by _________________________________________
4. Nuclear pores are _________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________ move through nuclear pores.
6. Nucleoplasm is ___________________________________________________
7. Two structures found in nucleoplasm are ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. The nucleolus is composed of _______________________________________
9. The nucleolus is the site of__________________________________________
10. Chromatin is ____________________________________________________
III. Movements Into and Out of the Cell
A. Introduction
1. The cell membrane controls _________________________________________
2. Four types of physical processes are __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Three types of physiological mechanisms are ___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Diffusion
1. Diffusion is______________________________________________________
2. A concentration gradient is _________________________________________
3. Diffusional equilibrium is __________________________________________
4. Substances diffuse ____________________________ a concentration gradient.
5. Two conditions that allow a substance to diffuse across a membrane are ______
__________________________________________________________________
6. In body cells, oxygen usually diffuses ________________________ a body cell
and carbon dioxide diffuses _________________________________ a body cell.
7. A physiological steady state is _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Five substances that cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion are ____
__________________________________________________________________
9. The three most important factors that influence diffusion rate are ___________
__________________________________________________________________
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10. In general, diffusion is more rapid over _______________________ distances,
______________ concentration gradients, and at ______________ temperatures.
C. Facilitated Diffusion
1. Facilitated diffusion requires ________________________________________
2. Substances that move across the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion are
__________________________________________________________________
3. The hormone ___________________ promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose.
D. Osmosis
1. Osmosis is ______________________________________________________
2. Osmotic pressure is _______________________________________________
3. Water always tends to diffuse toward solutions of _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Isotonic solutions are ______________________________________________
5. Hypertonic solutions are ___________________________________________
6. Hypotonic solutions are ____________________________________________
7. Cells ________________________________________ in hypertonic solutions.
8. Cells ________________________________________ in hypotonic solutions.
E. Filtration
1. The process of forcing molecules through a membrane is _________________
2. Filtration is commonly used to separate _______________________________
3. In the body the force for filtration is produced by ________________________
F. Active Transport
1. Movement against a concentration gradient is___________________________
2. Active transport is similar to facilitated diffusion because _________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Substances that move across the cell membrane through active transport are
__________________________________________________________________
4. Active transport requires cellular _____________________________________
G. Endocytosis
1. Endocytosis is the process of ________________________________________
2. Three forms of endocytosis are ______________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
3. Pinocytosis is endocytosis of ________________________________________
4. Phagocytosis is endocytosis of_______________________________________
5. Phagocytes are ___________________________________________________
6. Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves ________________________________
into the cell.
7. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a substance must bind to a ______________
before it can enter the cell.
8. A ligand is ______________________________________________________
9. An example of a molecule that moves into a cell through receptor-mediated
endocytsosis is _____________________________________________________
H. Exocytosis
1. Exocytosis is the reverse of _________________________________________
2. Cells secrete _____________________________________ through exocytosis.
3. Nerve cells secrete ________________________________ through exocytosis.
I. Transcytosis
1. Transcytosis moves substances ______________________________________
2. A virus that uses transcytosis to infect humans is the _____________________
IV. The Cell Cycle
A. Introduction
1. The cell cycle is __________________________________________________
2. Daughter cells are ________________________________________________
3. The four stages of the cell cycle are___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Interphase
1. During interphase, a cell ___________________________________________
2. The phases of interphase are ________________________________________
3. During the S phase, the cell is _______________________________________
4. During the G phases, the cell is ______________________________________
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C. Mitosis
1. Mitosis is _______________________________________________________
2. In mitosis, the resulting daughter cells are______________________________
3. At the end of mitosis, each resulting daughter cell has ________ chromosomes.
4. Meiosis is _______________________________________________________
5. The division of nuclear material is called ______________________________
6. The division of cytoplasm is ________________________________________
7. The four stages of mitosis are _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. In prophase, centrioles move ________________________________________
9. In prophase, the nuclear envelope ____________________________________
10. In prophase, microtubules form _____________________________________
11. In prophase, chromatin condenses into _______________________________
12. Centromeres are _________________________________________________
13. In metaphase, spindle fibers attach to ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. In metaphase, the chromosomes align ________________________________
15. In anaphase, the ___________________________ of the chromatids separate.
16. In anaphase, chromosomes move toward _____________________________
17. Telophase begins when ____________________________________________
18. In telophase, a nuclear envelope ____________________________________
19. In telophase, chromosomes begin to _________________________________
D. Cytoplasmic Division
1. Cytoplasmic division begins in ______________________________________
and ends in _______________________________________________________ .
2. ______________________ are responsible for pinching the cytoplasm in half.
3. The resulting daughter cells have identical ____________________________ ,
but they may vary ___________________________________________________
V. Control of Cell Division
A. Three cell types that divide continually are __________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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B. Neurons divide ________________________________________________________
C. In laboratory conditions, cells divide _______________________________________
D. Telomeres are _________________________________________________________
E. When chromosome tips wear down, a cell ___________________________________
F. Two types of proteins called _________________________ also control cell division.
G. When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to __________________
H. Two examples of external controls that influence cell division are ________________
________________________________________________________________________
I. Hormones are __________________________________________________________
J. Growth factors are ______________________________________________________
K. Contact inhibition prevents _______________________________________________
L. A tumor results ________________________________________________________
M. A benign tumor is ______________________________________________________
N. A malignant tumor is____________________________________________________
O. Two types of genes that cause cancer are ____________________________________
P. Apoptosis is ___________________________________________________________
VI. Stem and Progenitor Cells
A. A stem cell divides mitotically to produce ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. A progenitor cell is _____________________________________________________
C. A neural stem cell gives rise to ___________________________________________ ,
but not __________________________________________________________________
D. A totipotent cell can give rise to ___________________________________________
E. Pluripotent cells are _____________________________________________________
F. Cells specialize by ______________________________________________________
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