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Chapter 12: Reconstruction
Focus
Political effects
 Lincoln’s view that the United States was one indivisible nation had prevailed.
 Lincoln believed that since secession was illegal, Confederate governments in the Southern states were
illegitimate and the states had never really left the Union. He believed that Reconstruction was a matter of
quickly restoring legitimate Southern state governments that were loyal to the Union.
 Lincoln also believed that to reunify the nation, the federal government should not punish the South, but act
“with malice towards none, with charity for all… to bind up the nation’s wounds….”
 The assassination of Lincoln just a few days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox enabled Radical Republicans to
influence the process of Reconstruction in a manner much more punitive towards the former Confederate states.
The states that seceded were not allowed back into the Union immediately, but were put under military
occupation.
 Radical Republicans also believed in aggressively guaranteeing voting and other civil rights to African
Americans. They clashed repeatedly with Lincoln’s successor as president, Andrew Johnson, over the issue of
civil rights for freed slaves, eventually impeaching him, but failing to remove him from office.
 The three “Civil War Amendments” to the Constitution were added:
– 13th Amendment: Slavery was abolished permanently in the United States.
– 14th Amendment: States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American.
– 15th Amendment: Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of
servitude” (former slaves).
– The Reconstruction period ended following the extremely close presidential election of 1876. In return for
support from Southern Democrats in the electoral college vote, the Republicans agreed to end the military
occupation of the South. Known as the Compromise of 1877, this enabled former Confederates who
controlled the Democratic Party to regain power. It opened the door to the “Jim Crow Era” and began a long
period in which African Americans in the South were denied the full rights of American citizenship.
Economic impact
 The Southern states were left embittered and devastated by the war. Farms, railroads, and factories had been
destroyed throughout the South. Confederate money was worthless. Many towns and cities such as Richmond
and Atlanta lay in ruins, and the source of labor was greatly changed due to the loss of life during the war and the
end of slavery. The South would remain an agriculture-based economy and the poorest section of the nation for
many decades afterward.
 The North and Midwest emerged with strong and growing industrial economies, laying the foundation for the
sweeping industrialization of the nation (other than the South) in the next half-century and the emergence of the
United States as a global economic power by the beginning of the twentieth century.
 The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad soon after the war ended intensified the westward movement of
settlers into the states between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.
African Americans
 The Emancipation Proclamation allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers.
Common soldiers
 Warfare often involved hand-to-hand combat.
 Wartime diaries and letters home record this harsh reality.
 After the war, especially in the South, soldiers returned home to find destroyed homes and poverty. Soldiers on
both sides lived with permanent disabilities.
Women
 Managed homes and families with scarce resources
 Often faced poverty and hunger
Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing, and war industries
Ulysses S. Grant
 Urged Radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates
 Elected president and served during most of Reconstruction
 Advocated rights for the freedman
 Opposed retribution directed at the defeated South
Robert E. Lee
 Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the United States
 Served as president of Washington College (Washington & Lee University today)
 Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future
Frederick Douglass
 Supported full equality for African Americans
 Advocated for the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments
 Encouraged federal government actions to protect the rights of freedmen in the South
 Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service
Questions
1. What were the consequences of the war and Reconstruction?
2.
How did the Civil War affect African Americans and the common soldier?
3.
What was the war’s impact on the home front?
4.
What were the postwar contributions of Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass?
Grant—
Lee—
Douglass—
Quick Questions
Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some
letters may not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.
A. Sitting Bull
B. Red Cloud
C. Dawes Act
D. assimilation
E. Great Plains
F. Ghost Dance
G. Chisholm Trail
H. George A. Custer
I. Sand Creek Massacre
J. Battle of Wounded Knee
K. William J. Fetterman
____ 1. This is the vast grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States.
____ 2. This was the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas.
____ 3. This ritual was supposed to restore the Native American way of life.
____ 4. This resulted when the peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho were attacked without warning by the
U.S. Army. Over 150 inhabitants were killed, mostly women and children.
____ 5. This resulted when the U.S. Army fired cannons on 340 starving, freezing Sioux; within minutes,
300 of them were dead.
____ 6. This colonel's bad judgment in attacking Native American warriors at the Little Bighorn River
resulted in his death and that of all his troops.
____ 7. This was supposed to "Americanize" Native Americans by encouraging in them the desire to own
property and to farm reservation land distributed to Native American families.
____ 8. This leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux never signed the Treaty of 1868. He helped to defeat the U.S.
Army at the Little Bighorn, toured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show for awhile, encouraged the Ghost
Dance movement, and was eventually killed during an attempt by reservation police to arrest him.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
____ 9. homesteader
A. settler recruited in Europe by a railroad company
B. African-American settler originally from the South
C. settler who claimed land in Oklahoma by squatting on it
D. settler who farmed land given by the federal government
____ 10. soddy
A. home made out of prairie turf
B. invention that increased farm production
C. loan made to frontier farmers by the federal government
D. person who bought frontier land hoping to resell it at a profit
____ 11. Morrill Act
A. gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges
B. gave land in Kansas to African Americans willing to settle and farm it
C. gave federal land to railroad companies to encourage railroad building
D. gave 160 acres of free land to anyone willing to cultivate it for five years
____ 12. bonanza farm
A. farm claimed in the Oklahoma land rush
B. farm given away by the federal government
C. farm taken over by a bank due to bankruptcy
D. massive single-crop farm owned by railroad companies and private investors
Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some
letters may not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.
A. Grange
B. silverites
C. greenbacks
D. Populism
E. bimetallism
F. Oliver Hudson Kelley
G. Populist Party
H. William McKinley
I. Republican Party
J. Democratic Party
K. "Cross of Gold" speech
L. Williams Jennings Bryan
____ 13. He organized the Grange.
____ 14. He was the winner of the 1896 presidential election.
____ 15. This party supported the adoption of the gold standard.
____ 16. This political party turned the American two-party system into a three-party system.
____ 17. This was a monetary system in which the government would give people silver or gold in
exchange for paper currency.
____ 18. He was nominated by two parties as their candidate for the 1896 presidential election.
____ 19. Members of this party were mainly business owners and bankers from industrialized areas.
____ 20. This organization started out as a social outlet and educational forum for isolated farm families.
It soon became a political voice for farmers.
Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some
letters may not be used at all. Some may be used more than once. (4 points each)
A. Horace Greeley
B. Hiram Revels
C. Ulysses S. Grant
D. William T. Sherman
E. Abraham Lincoln
F. Andrew Johnson
G. Thaddeus Stevens
H. Rutherford B. Hayes
I. Samuel J. Tilden
J. Edwin Stanton
____ 1. Republican who became president in 1876 through a deal between Party leaders
____ 2. president who favored the lenient Ten-Percent Plan for Reconstruction
____ 3. secretary of war whose firing led to Andrew Johnson's impeachment
____ 4. president whose administration was plagued with scandal
____ 5. Union general who promised freed slaves who followed his army "40 acres and a mule"
____ 6. New York Tribune editor who ran against Grant in the 1872 presidential election
____ 7. the first African-American U.S. senator
____ 8. House representative who was the leader of the Radical Republicans
____ 9. Democratic candidate for president in 1876 who won the popular vote but lost the election
____ 10. president who vetoed important civil rights and Reconstruction legislation
____ 11. Which state had the most electoral votes in 1876?
A. Ohio
B. Pennsylvania
C. New York
D. Illinois
____ 12. According to the map, how many states did Tilden win?
A. 15
B. 17
C. 19
D. 21
____ 13. Which states shown on the map had disputed results?
A. North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana
B. Oregon, Florida, Delaware, Ohio
C. Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, North Carolina
D. Oregon, Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina
____ 14. According to the map, what percent of electoral votes did Hayes win?
A. 48%
B. 49.9%
C. 50.1%
D. 51%
____ 15. Which of the following states had the fewest electoral votes?
A. Oregon
B. Florida
C. Rhode Island
D. North Carolina