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Campus: High School Author(s): Wagner, Segleski Six Weeks Period: 5th six weeks Timeline: 3 weeks Date Created / Revised: 7-29-2015 Stated Objectives: TEK # and SE (3) Geography. The physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment Grade Level & Course: 9th Grade Pre AP World Geography (B) describe the physical processes that affect the environments of regions, including tectonic forces (4) Geography. The patterns and characteristics of major landforms of Earth and the interrelated processes that produce them (B) describe different landforms and the physical processes that cause their development (22) Social studies skills. The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms. (A) design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships See Instructional Focus Document (IFD) for TEK Specificity China’s physical environment is being significantly altered by engineering Key projects, especially the Three Gorges Dam. Understanding s Buddhism is the predominant religion of East Asia, although other significant religions, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto also have a large cultural impact on countries within the region. Rapid population growth presents a litany of challenges to the countries of East Asia, including pollution, overcrowding, and/or inadequate sanitation, water, and food resources. The emergence of truly globalized markets has driven the rapid growth of secondary economic activity in East Asia, most notably in China. North Korea is characterized by its communist government and command economy – systems that have impoverished the majority of the population, exist largely in international isolation, and depend on foreign food assistance. North Korean belligerence, combined with its pursuit and acquisition of nuclear weapons, continues to make the Korean Peninsula a volatile region. Despite exceptions to the policy, China’s one-child policy has proved largely successful in managing population growth, but is very controversial both within China and internationally. The vast majority of East Asians live in coastal regions. Misconceptions Key Vocabulary China has historically been a communist nation but have shifted to free economic policies to expand the economy. Kunlun Mountains, Qinling Shandi Mountains, Plateau of Tibet, Taklimakan Desert, The Gobi, Haung H e, Typhoon, Dynasty, spheres of influence, Boxer rebellion, Mao Zedong, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Shang dynasty, Zhou dynasty, the Qin (chinh) dynasty, Han dynasty, economic tiger, Pacific Rim, Genghis Khan (Temujin) Taiwan, Mongolia. Taiwan, Genghis Khan, Manchu Dynasty, Taiwan's Population, Three Gorges Dam Suggested Day 5E Model Instructional Procedures (Engage, Explore, Explain, Extend/Elaborate, Evaluate) Week 4 Teacher will project and trace an outline map on a whiteboard / bed sheet / shower curtain. Students will be introduced to the key physical locations of East Asia by taking turns marking the board with symbols and labels, and will create their own mental map of East Asia after the direct instruction and student practice is completed. Engage Materials, Resources , Notes World Geography P. 698-755 Physical Features of East Asia Tectonic forces resulted in the creation of significant chains of mountains in western and southern China. These regions are sparsely populated. Himalayas – the predominant physical feature in southwestern China, the tallest mountain range in the world divides China from South Asia Kunlan Mountains – rising in western China, this chain is the source of China’s two most important rivers, the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). Qinling Shandi Mountains – divide northern and southern China. Plateau of Tibet – often referred to as “the Roof of the World,” it is the highest and largest plateau in the world. Tectonic forces resulted in the creation of significant chains of mountains in western and southern China. These regions are sparsely populated. Himalayas – the predominant physical feature in southwestern China, the tallest mountain range in the world divides China from South Asia Kunlan Mountains – rising in western China, this chain is the source of China’s two most important rivers, the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). Qinling Shandi Mountains – divide northern and southern China. Plateau of Tibet – often referred to as “the Roof of the World,” it is the highest and largest plateau in the world. Other significant physical features in China include: North China Plain – the largest alluvial plain in East Asia, the Plain is China’s agricultural heartland and is one of the most densely populated regions on Earth. Gobi Desert – the fifth largest desert in the world, the Gobi dominates the landscape of northern and northwestern China What unique landmarks shape East Asia’s physical landscape? How do landforms and physical processes impact the climate of East Asia? Economics Taklamakan Desert – located in western China, the Taklamakan is one of the largest sandy deserts in the world. o Both the Gobi and the Taklamakan are expanding in size, a consequence of continued desertification in the region. Tectonic forces resulted in the creation of the islands of Japan, which continue to experience volcanic activity and earthquakes today. Place students into groups of four. Each person in the group will be provided data for each of the four countries at below. Instruct students to compare their data to the descriptions of one type of economic activity for their country. Instruct each student to compare their country’s data to another group member’s. It will prove helpful to students if the teacher models a conversation about comparisons for the whole class. After students have had the opportunity to compare their country to their neighbors’, engage the whole class in discussion about the relationship between economic activity and related indicators like GDP. Subsistence Agriculture in Mongolia The majority of the population in non-urban areas participates in subsistence herding. o Livestock typically consists of sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels. o Agricultural crops include wheat, barley, potato, vegetables, tomato, watermelon, sea-buckthorn and fodder crops. This activity accounts for 21% of GDP and 34% of the labor force. Commercial Agriculture in China China is one of the world's largest producers and consumers of agricultural products – and some 300 million Chinese farm workers are in the industry, mostly laboring on small pieces of land about the size of U.S farms. o Virtually all arable land is used for food crops. o China is the world's largest producer of rice and is among the principal sources of wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, soybeans, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, oilseed, pork, and fish. o Despite its production, and because of its enormous population, China is a net importer of foodstuffs. Agricultural production accounts for just 10.6% of China’s GDP, but constitutes 39.5% of its labor pool. Manufacturing in South Korea 39.1% of South Korea’s GDP is generated by industrial production, employing 25.4% of the labor force. o South Korea produces electronics, robotics, automobiles, ships, textiles, chemicals, and aerospace technologies among other manufactured goods. Service Industries in Japan Japan's service sector accounts for about three-quarters (76.5%) of its total economic output and 68% of its employment. o Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation, and telecommunications are all major industries. Barriers and Ask students to brainstorm about divisions or barriers that exist in their lives or in their communities. What cause those divisions / barriers? After sharing out . What examples of different types of economic activity can be found in East Asia? Divisions student ideas, explain to students that there are numerous barriers in East Asia: some historic, some contemporary, and some perceptual. Provide students the examples found below. Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China was built between the 5th century B.C.E. & 16th century C.E. o It stretches over 4,000 miles & was built to protect China from foreign invaders. The DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) The Korean War resulted in an armistice between South Korea (which had been supported by United Nations forces led by the United States) and North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union). The armistice was signed in 1953. The Korean Peninsula remains divided today: the DMZ is the no-man’s land that runs roughly along the 38th parallel that forms the border between North and South Korea. This political boundary remains one of the most heavily militarized borders in the world. o The U.S. maintains over 30,000 military personnel in South Korea to deter a resumption of hostilities. What human processes, including war, have lead to the formation of boundaries and other divisions in East Asia? China and Taiwan After losing the civil war to the Communist Chinese and fleeing to Taiwan in 1949, Chinese Nationalists regard the Communist government as illegitimate. The communist government in Beijing, in turn, regards Taiwan as a renegade province, and has tried repeatedly to persuade / coerce the island back into the People’s Republic. o China refuses to acknowledge any possibility of there being “Two Chinas.” Recently, Taiwan's relations with the mainland have improved, most notably with a new trade agreement that strengthens economic ties between China and Taiwan. Week 4 Three Gorges Dam Before explaining the consequences of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, show students the progression of satellite imagery and ask them to predict the consequences of its construction. Three Gorges Dam The world’s largest dam, it was built on Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River to control flooding and to provide hydroelectric power. The dam also allows for easier access to China’s interior by allowing ships to sail farther up the river. The construction required the forced displacement of over one million people and has raised concerns of negative environmental and social impacts, including: o The dam alters the river’s ecosystem. Hundreds of animal & plant species have lost their natural habitat. o The dam sits on a fault line making it prone to damage via potential earthquakes. o 13 cities, 140 towns and 100’s of villages were evacuated in order to make way for the reservoir that the dam is creating. Over one million people were relocated as a result of the project. o Archeological sites have been lost. Referring back, have students create a double-bubble thinking map comparing and contrasting Buddhism and Hinduism. How has the Three Gorges Dam modified and impacted the physical and human environm ent? Religion Buddhism Buddhism is a spiritual tradition that focuses on personal spiritual development and the attainment of a deep insight into the true nature of life. Derived from Hinduism and based on the Four Noble Truths (truths of life) and the Eightfold Path (guide towards attaining enlightenment). o It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama over 2500 years ago. Gautama had sought many paths to enlightenment – when he achieved enlightenment, he became the Buddha. There is no belief in a personal God. Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent change is always possible. While Buddhism originated in northern India, it spread throughout Asia over time. o For example, Buddhism arrived in China in the first century C.E., largely as a result of the active east-west trade along the Silk Road. o The diffusion of Buddhism can be traced by examining when images of Buddha began to appear in the art and literature of a region / culture. Holidays include Buddha Day. Places of worship are temples. Symbols include the prayer wheel and Buddha. The Silk Road China was the birthplace of two major ethical traditions or philosophies, Confucianism and Taoism – traditions which continue to influence cultural and religious practices throughout the region. Philosophy – search for meaning through intellectual activity and moral self-discipline Confucianism Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived from 551-479 B.C.E. o His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. o This philosophy of living became known as Confucianism. In Confucianism, human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal effort. o A main idea of Confucianism is the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection. o Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary, either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values. Taoism (pronounced Dow-ism) Taoism gets its name from a book called the Tao Te Ching, which was based on the teaching of Lao Tzu who lived in the 6th century B.C.E. o He believed in the importance in preserving and restoring harmony in the individual and the universe. What are the major character istics of East Asian religions and religious philosop hies? How are religions spatially distribute d in East Asia? Taoism promotes achieving harmony or union with nature, the pursuit of spiritual immortality, virtuous living, and self-development. Taoism is a religion of unity and opposites: Yin and Yang. o The principle of Yin Yang sees the world as filled with complementary forces: action and non-action, light and dark, hot and cold, etc. The Tao is not God and is not worshipped. Taoism includes many deities that are worshipped in Taoist temples – they are of the universe and depend, like everything, on the Tao (the way). Shinto Shinto is an indigenous Japanese belief system, in which devotion to invisible spiritual beings and powers called kami is essential. o Kami are not gods. They are spirits that are concerned with human beings – they appreciate humans’ interest in them and want people to be happy. o If they are treated properly they will intervene in people’s lives and bring benefits like health, business success, etc. o Rituals a performed to honor the kami. o Many Japanese have a small shrine in the home. o Large shrines draw visitors from across the country. Because ritual rather than belief is at the heart of Shinto, Japanese people don't usually think of Shinto specifically as a religion – it is simply an aspect of Japanese life. o This has enabled Shinto to coexist with Buddhism for centuries. In many East Asian countries, religious and philosophical belief is intertwined, with, for example, Buddhism. Confucianism and Taoism also have cultural significance in China. Ask students whether or not they think it is unfair to call one belief system a religion, while referring to another as a spiritual or religious philosophy. Students have now been introduced to numerous world religions this year. Print some representative pictures that capture an essential characteristic of each religion (animism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto). Good images might include representative architecture, rituals, holy sites, etc. Set up a learning station activity with the images, stressing the spatial distribution of the different religions around the world. Population Global Population Trends The human population took approximately 250,000 years to reach one billion in 1800. As a consequence of the Industrial Revolution and related scientific and medical advances, the population grew to two billion by the 1920s. Since then, the global population has grown quickly: o 3 billion by 1960 o 4 billion by 1975 o 5 billion by 1987 o 6 billion by 1990 o 7 billion in late 2011 (projected) o 8 billion by 2030 (projected) o 9 billion by 2050 (projected) Despite this growth, the global fertility rate has been falling for over forty years, so population growth is projected to peak at 9 billion and then stabilize. Patterns of Settlement of China Western China with its rugged mountainous landscape and arid climate is sparsely populated. Whereas the Eastern Coastal region the most populated region of China Trends In East Asia – China China has had the largest population in the world for hundreds of years. o Census statistics show that China’s population already exceeded 500 million in the 1950s. o By 1990, it had doubled to over one billion. o It is estimated that China’s population is approximately 1.3 billion today (one in What cultural influence s does religion have on East Asia? How has China’s populatio n changed over time? five of the world’s inhabitants is Chinese) Despite its massive population, China’s population growth has slowed when compared to other countries with large populations, such as India. o India’s population nears 1.2 billion, but it has a much higher growth rate (1.545%) than China (0.47%). o For this reason, it is predicted that India will become the world’s most populous country in less than twenty years. Prediction Café – Using the information at left and at right, create a class set of index cards (enough so that every student has one). On each card, write or place one of ten “population predictors:” a population fact that lends itself to conversation. For example, on card could simply read, “7 billion in 2011, 9 billion by 2050” or a card to contain two population pyramids, one of which projects future population growth. The idea behind the Predication Café is that students will circulate at prescribed intervals and discuss with their various partners the data on the cards. For this activity, students should frame their discussions in relation to the question, “What implications does this (fact) have on the future?” It is only necessary to have about ten different facts circulating around the room – if students meet another students with the same card, they can compare their predictions. Week 6 Japan One of the most densely populated countries in the world, Japan’s population is in decline. o When considering available arable land, Japan’s population density is about 7,219 persons per square mile (443 persons per square mile in the U.S.) o Much like some European nations, Japan faces significant challenges that stem from its below-replacement fertility rate Population Indicators – Japan Japan’s population is a result of not only a falling birth rate, but also immigration policies that greatly restrict the arrival of foreign workers. o Japan’s population is over 98% Japanese. What challenge s does Japan face as a result of its declining populatio n? How has technolo gy and innovatio n eased burdens of high populatio n density in Japan? Have students compare the growth rates of China, Japan, and India, and to discuss their economic implications for Asia’s future. Rural to Urban Migration in China Over the past twenty years, migration patterns from rural to urban areas have dramatically increased. o The estimated number of migrants over that 20 year period is ~150 million (biggest such shift in human history). o The estimate for the next 20-30 years is ~300 million Chinese migrants will leave the countryside for China’s growing cities. o The majority of these migrants are young adults: those that are willing to leave their villages in order to engage in wage labor, employment that older, rural Chinese are less willing to do. What factors affect the pattern of rural to urban migratio n in China? China’s one child policy o By 2020, there will be 70 to 100 cities with over one million people. China’s economic boom, which has been largely fueled by industrial production, has increased the demand for unskilled labor in factories and workshops. o It is estimated that roughly 20 percent of the Chinese population was urban in 1980. o By 2000, the urban population was an estimated 36%. o In 2009, the urban population was estimated at 46% of the total population. Projections place the urban population as high as 70% by 2025. o The Chinese government is conducting a massive census in 2011 – its findings should confirm this remarkable transformation of Chinese society. Massive migration occurs every year when millions of Chinese workers return to their rural homes during Chinese New Year celebrations. The rapid urbanization of China poses numerous challenges, including: o Industrial pollution o Overcrowding o Lack of affordable housing o Inadequate infrastructure China’s One Child Policy In an effort to slow China’s population growth, the Chinese government implemented a onechild policy in 1979. o Under the policy, married couples were limited to having one child. o Those that complied with the policy might be rewarded by the state; those that did not might face penalties. o The policy has been successful in slowing China’s population growth (see above). Over time, exceptions to the policy grew more common. Exceptions include: o Rural Chinese are usually allowed a second child (agriculture is labor intensive) o Ethnic minorities are exempt from the policy o Parents who lack siblings are sometimes permitted two children o About 40% of the population is still subject to the one-child policy Despite its overall success in limiting China’s population growth, the one-child policy has numerous consequences, including: o Social unrest – people resent being told how many children they can legally have o Economic strain – farming families need to be large in order to fulfill the labor needs of the farm; an aging population depends on the young to care for them in their later years o Gender imbalance – as a result of cultural preferences for boys and the availability of prenatal screening technology, many parents chose to terminate pregnancies or to practice infanticide if the baby is female. Gender ratios in some regions in China are greatly skewed (well beyond the 105 male births to 100 female births rate that is considered natural). 130 boys to 100 girls is not uncommon This imbalance has grown over time The imbalance is even greater when considering second and third births (i.e. parents who may have accepted a female first child are more willing to terminate later pregnancies if they would not produce a son) Similar ratios can be found in northern India, Taiwan, and Singapore. The problem is compounded by China’s economic growth: globally, fertility rates decline when people have more money, become more educated, and live in cities. These improvements in standard of living reduce the desire for large families. Tens of millions of Chinese men are / will be unable to find wives: this leads reduced social status, higher crime rates marked by increases in bride trafficking, rape, etc., and suicide. Increasingly, the one-child policy has been criticized within China (a substantial development, considering the state-censorship of the media): o Many claim the policy is no longer necessary because of its success: declining fertility rates and slowed population growth o Some experts claim that China’s fertility is actually lower than official figures indicate. If so, they point out that China has a looming problem: providing services to its massive and aging population. What different opinions exist (locally and internatio nally) in regard to China’s one-child policy? EconomyCommunism to Free Market In the “Little Tigers” (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea) fertility rates have also dropped below replacement rate. Despite government efforts to encourage childrearing, only South Korea has had sustained success in its attempts. o Like in some European countries, this East Asian nations have encouraged childbearing through incentives, including: Subsidizing kindergartens Flexible work hours for mothers Free schooling Maternity pay o Like other more developed nations, the wealthier and better educated the population, the lower the fertility rate. China’s Continuing Transition From a Communist (command) to a Free Enterprise (market) Economic System China's economy since the late 1970s has changed from a closed, centrally planned (communist) system to a more market-oriented (free-enterprise) one that plays a major role in the global economy. o Reforms began with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, creation of a diversified banking system, development of stock markets, rapid growth of the private sector, and opening to foreign trade and investment. In 2010 China became the world's largest exporter. China generally has implemented reforms in a gradual fashion. o As a result, China, like most countries, has a mixed economy that is subject to state intervention and/or regulation. o However, China has not made political reforms to accompany its economic reforms. The country remains, politically, an authoritarian, communist state. How has China changed over the past 30 years? China’s Nominal GDP Growth (1952 – 2009) Accommodations for Special Populations Accommodations for instruction will be provided as stated on each student’s (IEP) Individual Education Plan for special education, 504, at risk, and ESL/Bilingual.