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OAT Review Guide
8th Grade Social Studies
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Stuff worth looking over one more time just to make sure you’re sure you know this!
6th Grade- Ancient Civilizations, World Religions and Geography, and Forms of Government
1. BC = Before Christ BCE = Before the Common Era = Dates up to the year 0
2. AD = Anno Domini CE = Common Era = Dates since the year 0
3. Modern Humans developed in Africa and spread to the rest of the World
4. Paleolithic = Old Stone Age. Groups and tribes had stone tools and fire and lived nomadically by hunting
and gathering.
5. Civilization began with agriculture, the settled domestication of plants and animals.
6. Permanent Settlements grew into towns, then cities and city states and then civilizations.
7. River Valleys were the sites of the Worlds first large scale Civilizations.
8. Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates (Iraq): Babylon, Assyria, City States, Ziggurats, Theocracy Cuneiform
9. Egypt- Nile: Theocracy, Pharoah, Pyramids, Mythology, Hieroglyphics,
10. China – Huang Ho: Dynasties, Confucianism, Industry and Manufacturing, Pictographic Writing,
11. India – Indus: Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, Trade
12. American Civilizations and Cultures
Inca- in Mountains of Peru and Chile
Maya – in Mexican Yucatan
Aztec- in Central Mexico
Mississipian Mound Builders- in North America
13. Polytheism – Belief in Many Gods. Examples: Hinduism, Greek , Roman, and Egyptian Mythology
14. Monotheism – Belief in One God. Examples: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
15. Hinduism- Polytheistic, Majority Religion in India, Believes in Reincarnation, Respects all Living Things.
Sacred Text : The Vedas
16. Buddhism- Important in Asia17. Judaism- Descendants of Abraham, Prophet Moses, King David, Holy City Jerusalem in Israel, Hebrew
Language, and Sacred Text is Old Testament of the Bible.
18. Christianity- Worlds Largest Religion counting all Christian sects believes that Jesus is the son of God and
the key to salvation. Sacred Texts are the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.
19. Islam- One God - Allah, and Mohammed is his Prophet. 5 pillars include 5 daily prayers and pilgrimage to
Mecca. World’s 2nd largest Faith. Sacred Text is the Koran.
20. Sovereignty = Self Rule. Nations are considered to be sovereign- in charge of their own affairs.
21. Democracy- rule by the people. Direct = people vote directly on laws. Representative- people vote for
representatives to vote on laws.
22. Monarchy = Hereditary rule of a king or queen passed down through a Royal Family. May be absolute- or
constitutional (with limits and usually a parliament.)
23. Dictatorship = Rule by force, usually by one person and the military.
24. Primary Source = Eyewitness information or documents that come from the time of the event being
described.
25. Secondary Source. = A second hand account written by a historian or created by an artist- usually based on
primary source evidence.
7th Grade: Greece and Rome, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Reformation, and Exploration
1. Greek City States and Kingdoms- Athens and Sparta, Odyssey and Iliad, Trojan and Peloponnesian Wars,
Seafaring, Colonies, Rivalry with Persia, First Direct Democracies
2. Direct Democracy- When citizens debate and vote directly on laws.
3. Roman Republic and Empire- Spread from Rome to conquer and assimilate other lands and peoples.
Written Laws, Trade, Roads, Public Works, Caesar and Augustus. Punic Wars with Carthage.
4. Representative Democracy = Republic, when citizens vote for representatives to debate and vote on laws.
5. Subjects and Citizens. Subjects live under a government. Citizens are expected to participate in government.
6. Feudalism and Middle Ages- After the Fall of the Roman Empire, Europe developed feudalism. Kings
established Local governments where land was given in exchange for military service. Manors, Nobles/ Lords,
Serfs/Peasants
7. Catholic Church and Orthodox Church- Most important institutions politically and in daily life in Europe
through the Middle Ages. After the split, the Catholic Church centered in Rome dominated Western Europe as
the Holy Roman Empire.. The Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople Dominated Eastern Europe.
8. Muslim Conquests- Islam began with the Prophet Mohammeds reporting of the word of God Allah. Spread
East and West from Arabia in the 600’s and 700’s through trade and military force. Rivalry with Christian
Europe. Cut Europe off from the Holy Land. Preserved Classical Learning from the Greeks and Romans.
9. Crusades- Wars during which Christian Armies fought Muslim Armies over the Holy Land. Reconnected
Europe to the East, and helped lead Europe eventually to a Renaissance.
10. Mongol Invasions – 1200’s- Create one of the largest Empires in History. Connects Europe, Middle East,
and China through trade.
11. Silk Road and China- Trade Route Connecting Europe and China. Reports of China from Marco Polo
inspired later voyages of discovery.
12. Italian City States and Ottoman Empire: Venice, Florence, Genoa, dominated trade with East especially
in Silks and Spices. Ottoman Empire conquest of Byzantine Empire limited this trade and caused Europe to
seek a direct trade route with the East.
13. Renaissance- Rebirth of Learning and Art and Science from a rediscovery of Classical Greek and Roman
works preserved by Byzantine and Muslim Empires. New focus on the individual and humanity.
14. Reformation- Break with the Catholic Church that created Protestant Churches and led to wars of religion.
A Revolution made possible by the invention of the printing press
15. West African Empires- Ghana, Songhai, and Mali, Muslim and connected across the Sahara through the
Gold/ Salt Trade. Timbuktu a great center of learning.
16. Economic Specialization- When people and places concentrate on producing what they do best. The basis
for trade.
17. Economic Interdependence-When economies trade what they do produce for what they don’t.
18. Spice Trade- Trade in Pepper, Cloves, etc.. Controlled by the Ottoman Empire- Goods most responsible
for Europeans seeking direct access to the sources and venturing out on Voyages of Exploration.
19. European Exploration. Portuguese first around Africa to Asia. Spain second west across Atlantic to
discover the Americas and create an Empire there. Dutch, British, and French followed much later.
20. Magna Carta and England- Document establishing a right to trial by jury and putting limits on the power
of the Monarch in 1215, Made England uniquely free and almost democratic among all of Europe’s kingdoms.
21. Columbian Exchange- When the goods and peoples and technologies, and foods and diseases of the Old
and New Worlds mixed for better and worse after the voyages of Columbus.
22. Spanish Empire- For God, Glory, and Gold into the New World. Caribbean, Central, South, and
Southwest North America + Florida. Conquered Aztec and Inca. Missionaries spread Christianity. Brought
African Slaves to the New World.
23. Imperialism.- When Powerful Countries conquer other lands and establish colonies.
24. Mercantilism – Using Colonies to enrich the Mother Country by producing raw materials and as a market
buying finished goods.
25. Slavery and Slave Trade- From Africa-to grow sugar, tobacco… and other plantation crops in the
Americas
8th Grade: U.S. History 1607 to 1877: 13 Colonies, Revolution, Constitution, Territorial Growth, Civil
War and Reconstruction
1. Spanish Colonies: Most of Latin America, Caribbean, All of Central America, Mexico, Florida, and
American Southwest- Catholic Missionaries- Pueblos, Encomiendas, Mestizos
2. French Colonies: Canada (Quebec and Montreal) and Louisiana (New Orleans)- Fur Trade, Small
Population, Catholic Missionaries, Good Rapport with Native Americans.
3. 13 English Colonies: New England (NH, MA, RI, CT), Middle (NY, NJ, PA, DE), and Southern (MD,
VA, NC, SC, GA)- Different Environments, Populations, Economies, and Governments
4. Northwest Passage- hoped for water route through N.America to Pacific and the Asia trade. Explorations
led to land claims. Never discovered.
5. Indentured Service- contract signed that bound a person to labor for a number of years in exchange for ?
Used with apprentices to learn a craft or to pay passage over from Europe.
6. Slavery and Triangle Trade- Started in Jamestown in 1619, but in every colony. New England States
shipped slaves, South put them to work on plantations. Middle Passage was the Atlantic crossing.
7. Self Government- House of Burgesses in VA and Mayflower Compact for Plymouth- Tradition in the
colonies because of distance from England.
8. Religious Freedom- Push factor for colonization- Pilgrims and Puritans to MA, Quakers to PA- fled
persecution in Europe due to the Reformation and Wars of Religion
9. French and Indian War- Conflict between 13 Colonies and New France over the Ohio Valley Frontier that
turned into a World War. England won Canada and Louisiana from France.
10. Road to Revolution- Rules and Taxes resulting from the French and Indian War pushed the Colonies
towards Revolution: Proclamation Act, Stamp Act, Sons of Liberty, Quartering Act, Boston Massacre, Boston
Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Lexington and Concord
11. Enlightenment Ideals and Natural Rights- Scientific Revolution in Europe led to identification of
Natural Laws applying to Human Society:
-Inalienable Rights of Life, Liberty, Property (Pursuit of Happiness)
-Social Contract
-All Men Are Created Equal
12. Declaration of Independence- Ratified by 2nd Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776. Justified American
Rebellion on the basis of Natural Rights and English Violations of American Rights.
13. Revolutionary War- From 1775- 1783. Armed Conflict with England for American Independence. Key
Battles at Bunker Hill, Saratoga, Yorktown. Remember our French Alliance and the Continental Army’s
Winter at Valley Forge. A Civil War that pitted American Patriots against American Loyalists. 1783 Treaty of
Paris granted American Independence and set boundaries.
14. Articles of Confederation- First Constitution of the U.S. made a loose association of strong states under a
weak one branch (Legislature Only) national government. Couldn’t handle economic problems, international
challenges, or state rivalries after independence.
15. Northwest Ordinance 1787- Set up process for admitting new states and banned slavery north of the Ohio
River.
16. Constitutional Convention and Compromises- Called in 1787 to amend the Articles… and started from
scratch instead. Set up 3 branches. Great Compromise set up 2 house legislature to represent both large and
small states fairly. 3/5 compromise for counting slaves for representation and taxation, a fugitive slave rule, and
a 20 year guarantee of the slave state were compromises required by the South.
17. Constitutional Principles
-Limited Government
-Separation of Powers
-Checks and Balances
-Flexibility (Amendment process)
-Popular Sovereignty (We the People)
-Republic = Representative Government.
18. Legislative Branch- Makes the Laws- Congress- Upper House Senate has 2 Senators per State. Lower
House- House of Representatives represents stats based on population.
19. Executive Branch- Carries out the Laws- President and Vice President plus Cabinet and Departments.
(Treasury, State, Defense… etc…)
20. Judicial Branch- Interprets the Laws- Supreme Court and Lesser courts. Power of Judicial Review = to
determine a Law or Executive Act unconstitutional established by the case of Marbury v. Madison
21. Federalists vs. Anti Federalists in Ratification Debate Biggest issue was view on States vs. Central
Government powers and Lack of a Bill of Rights to protect individual rights from Government. Federalist
Papers argued for ratification and explained that checks and balances made a Bill of Rights unnecessary.
22. Bill of Rights- 1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution Ratified in 1791
-1st Protects Speech, Press, Religion, Assembly, and Petition
-4th Protects from unlawful search an seizure
-5th- 8th Establish Due Process Rights
23. Washington- First President, set precedents of Two Terms, appointing best qualified people from different
parties to Cabinet posts, advised that the U.S. stay Neutral in World Affairs. Treasurer Hamilton fixed the
Economy and established the National Bank.
24. French Revolution- Began in 1789, Overthrew Monarchy for Democracy but turned violent and became a
World War that the U.S. tried to stay out of but was hurt by. U.S responded with Alien and Sedition Acts,
Embargo Act. British and French seized American Ships.
25. Jefferson- 3rd President negotiated purchase of Louisiana from France and dealt with Barbary Pirates.
26. Louisiana Purchase- Doubled the size of the U.S for $15 million from France. Lewis and Clark expedition
sent to explore the territory and establish U.S. claim also to the Oregon Territory.
27. Neutrality- To not take sides in a Conflict. Official U.S. position during the French Revolution. Not
respected by Britain or France.
28. War of 1812- War over impressement, boundaries, and British arming of Native Americans to kill
American settlers… military draw, but peace treaty of Ghent resolved many differences.
29. Missouri Compromise- Decision to keep balance of Free and Slave states by admitting Maine free and
Missouri Slave. West of Missouri into the Louisiana Territory, the latitude of 36, 30 was set as the dividing line
between Free and Slave.
30. Monroe Doctrine- After French Revolution, All the Latin American countries including Mexico won their
Independence from Spain. This policy announced that the U.S. wouldn’t allow Europe to recolonize the
Americas, and promised that the U.S. wouldn’t meddle in Europe.
31. Industrial Revolution- The shift to manufacturing using water and then steam powered machinery in
factories. Led to the Growth of Cities. Started in England, and then developed in the Northern States in the U.S.
32. American Plan- Clay’s plan to grow the American Economy by specializing. North would manufacture.
West would farm. South would produce cash crops on slave plantations. Roads, Canals, and Railroads would
connect the regions. Tariff to protect American industry from cheaper imports.
33. Sectionalism- Consequence of the American Plan- the different parts of the country developed very
different ways of life. Threatened national unity.
34. Expanding Franchise and Jackson. Early 1800’s, property qualifications dropped for voting led to the
election of Andrew Jackson, the first President to champion the “common man”.
35. Jackson and the National Bank. Accused of being a “dictator or acting like a king” Jackson vetoed the
Bank bill because he felt it unconstitutional and an institution that favored the rich over the poor.
36.Jackson and the Indian Removal Act. Jackson ignored a Supreme Court decision and caused natives to be
removed from East of the Mississippi and resettled in the area of Oklahoma to the west. Forced the Cherokee
on their “Trail of Tears”
37.Jackson, the Tariff, and Nullification. A high tariff passed by Congress was refused by South Carolina.
SC declared the right of nullification, to determine a federal law to be unconstitutional and refused to collect the
tax. Jackson threatened force and SC threatened secession. A compromise lowered the tariff.
38. Texas Independence and Annexation- Americans moved into the Mexican province of Texas, many with
slaves which was illegal in Mexico. Conflict with the Mexican gov’t of the dictator Santa Anna led to war and
independence in 1836. Texas was annexed as a slave state to the U.S. in 1845.
39. Oregon- First of the Territories explored by Lewis and Clark to be settled. Wagon trains took settlers
whether farmers or missionaries West across the Plains and Rockies starting in the 1840’s.
40. Manifest Destiny- Belief that America’s superior power and culture justified its expansion to the Pacific.
41. Abolitionist Movement- Started in the 1830’s around the time that Britain abolished slavery in its empire.
Many women involved. Led by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglas with their publications of the
Liberator and the North Star. Quakers also prominent. Underground RR was active way to help slaves escape
to the Free States.
42. Mexican War- Started from a border dispute after the annexation of Texas. Fought entirely on Mexican
Territory it was opposed by the North as a war meant to expand slave territory. Treaty gave the rest of the
American Southwest from Texas to California to the U.S. for $15million. Training ground for most Army
officers to later serve on both sides in the Civil War.
43. Seneca Falls- First Women’s Rights Convention in NY. Called for Equal Rights for all including Women
in it’s Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
and Susan B. Anthony.
44. California Compromise 1850- Gold Rush of 1849 exploded California’s population and it applied to join
the Union as a Free State. Tipped the Free-Slave Balance, but allowed with “popular sovereignty” opening
more territory to the possibility of slavery. Other concessions made to the South as well.
45. Fugitive Slave Act- Toughened enforcement through fines and other penalties. Meant to combat the
Underground RR. Part of the Compromise of 1850.
46. Popular Sovereignty- When the majority of the people decide. Became the way to decide whether new
states would be free or slave- and expanded by the Kansas-Nebraska act which opened the rest of the territories
to this way of deciding. Competition for the majority led to civil war between settlers in Kansas.
47. Dred Scott Decision- Slave sued for freedom on the basis of having been illegally taken into a free state by
his master. Supreme Court denied this- determined that Slaves were property that couldn’t be taken from their
owner without due process, and, by not being citizens couldn’t sue in the courts. This also meant that the
Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
48. Election of 1860- Won by the Republican, Lincoln with his pledge to prevent the spread of slavery to the
territories. Split in the Democratic party made this possible. Lincoln won all of the Northern state, but not a
single state in the South.
49. Secession- To leave the Union. South Carolina was the 1st in Dec 1860. 6 Deep South states followed and
created the Confederate States of America before Lincoln could take office.
50. Fort Sumter and Civil War- Fort in Charleston harbor that remained in Federal Hands at the time of
Lincoln’s inauguration. South demanded it be surrendered. Lincoln refused. Confederate attack on the fort
started the Civil War.
51. Emancipation Proclamation- Decree by Lincoln that all slaves in the rebelling states (but not those states
and areas that stayed loyal to the Union or were at the time controlled by the Union) to be Free. Made the
abolition of slavery in the south a Union war goal beyond preserving the Union and allowed the North to recruit
African American troops.
52. Gettysburg Address- Given by Lincoln after the turning point battle of Gettysburg PA in 1863. Four score
and 7 years ago… Clearly identified the noble causes for which the Union troops in the national cemetery there
had fought and died.
53. 2nd Inaugural – Lincoln’s greatest speech given in March 1865. Blamed both North and South for the war,
didn’t predict a winner, called the war and whatever outcome God’s will… but looked beyond in hopes of a just
and lasting peace “with malice towards none, and charity towards all”.
54. Reconstruction – Period after the war from 1865-1877 during which the Union tried to put itself back
together and rebuild the South without slavery. Lincoln Plan, Johnson Plan, Radical Reconstruction all
attempted. Freedmen’s Bureau most successful. Terror groups like the KKK most effective at fighting against
Reconstruction. Ended when Union troops were removed after the 1876 Presidential Election deal.
55. Reconstruction Amendments 13th,14th,15th
13th- Abolished Slavery
14th- Gave Citizenship to Freed Slaves and promised “Equal Protection of the Laws”
15th- Gave the Right to Vote to Freed Black Males (Didn’t give the right to vote to women- that comes with the
19th Amendment in 1920- 70 years later !)
56. Jim Crow South and Segregation- After South regained “Home Rule, states passed Poll Taxes and
Literacy Test requirements to further deny Blacks their right to vote. Also- Jim Crow laws institutionalized
segregation- the separation of Whites and Blacks. Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 upheld
segregation as long as the different facilities were “Separate but Equal”. Laws remained in effect in much of
the Country until the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s… 100 years later.
American Nation Chapter Summary Pages… if you really would like a quick read through the sweep of
where we’ve been, and how, since the Civil War we’ve arrived at where we are today, just read through the
Section Summaries in the left hand columns of the following pages.
Chapter 1
Geography, History and the Social Sciences
pg 32-
Chapter 2
Before the First Global Age
pg 62-
Chapter 3
Exploration and Colonization
pg 98-
Chapter 4
The Thirteen English Colonies
pg 132-
Chapter 5
Crisis in the Colonies
pg 162-
Chapter 6
The American Revolution
pg 196-
Chapter 7
Creating a Republic
pg 220-
Chapter 8
Government, Citizenship, and the Constitution
pg 270-
Chapter 9
Launching the New Government
pg 296-
Chapter 10
The Age of Jefferson
pg 326-
Chapter 11
The Nation Grows and Prospers
pg 352-
Chapter 12
The Jacksonian Era
pg 376-
Chapter 13
Westward Expansion
pg 404-
Chapter 14
North and South
pg 428-
Chapter 15
Reform and a New American Culture
pg 452-
Chapter 16
Slavery Divides the Nation
pg 482-
Chapter 17
The Civil War
pg 512-
Chapter 18
Reconstruction and the Changing South
pg 534-
Chapter 19
Epilogue-The United States Since 1865
pg 569-