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Page 5 45. A(n) ELEMENT is a pure substance that can not be broken down into any other substance by some physical or chemical method and from which all more complex forms of matter or substances are made when they are combined together in different ways and in different amounts. P. 9, 70, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 46. The smallest particle of any element that you can have which still possesses all of the physical and chemical properties of that element is a single ATOM of that element. P. 10, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 47. Nearly 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher DEMOCRITUS gave us the word atom when he said that all matter was composed of tiny indivisible particles called “atomos.” P. 73, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 48. At the present time about 118 different elements have been discovered and officially recognized and named. P. 84 - 85, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, DVD: Changes in Properties of Matter, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 49. An orderly arrangement of the 118 different elements on a chart according to each element’s unique chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass number, and physical and chemical properties is called the PERIODIC TABLE of elements. P. 82, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 50. The periodic table of elements was originally created by a Russian chemist named DIMITRI MENDELEEV and later it was modified and changed to the modern version of the periodic table that we use today by a British chemist named HENRY MOSLEY P. 81 51. Each element found on the periodic table of elements has a unique single letter (Hydrogen – H), two letter (Helium – He ) or three letter (Unnilquadiam – Unq) abbreviation which is called the CHEMICAL SYMBOL of that element. P. 83, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 52. JONS BERZELIUS created the unique one, two or three letter chemical symbol for each element. 53. In addition to each element having a unique chemical symbol each element found on the periodic table of elements also has a unique ATOMIC NUMBER number and ATOMIC MASS number P. 83, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 54. The atomic number of an element is usually always SMALLER in numerical value than the atomic mass number of that element. P. 83, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 55. The atomic number of the element Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 10.811 B 5 is 5 . P. 83, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, 56. On the periodic table of elements those elements which have an atomic number of 1 (Hydrogen) to 92 (Uranium) are naturally occurring elements which can be found to exist somewhere in the earth’s land, water, or air. Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 57. On the periodic table of elements those elements which have an atomic number of 93 (Neptunium) to 118 (Ununoctium) are synthetic or man made elements which have a very short life span that only allows them to be made in a laboratory under very special conditions. 58. The atomic MASS of an element is a measurement of the average mass of all the different kinds of atoms (isotopes) of an element. P. 83, 79, 81, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video Example: There are 17 different kinds of Tin (Sn) atoms (isotopes) and the average mass (atomic mass or weight) of these 17 different kinds of Tin (50 Sn 118.69) atoms (isotopes) is 118.69 59. The atomic mass number of an element is sometimes called the element’s atomic WEIGHT. DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 60. The atomic mass number or atomic weight of an element is usually always LARGER in numerical value than the atomic number of the element. P. 83, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 61. The atomic mass number or atomic weight of the element and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 3 Li 6.941 is 6.941. P. 83, DVD: Atoms 62. Any particle which composes an atom that is smaller than the atom that it composes is called a(n) SUBATOMIC particle. DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 63. The four different forces which hold the subatomic particles that compose an atom of an element together are: DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game A. STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE B. WEAK NUCLEAR FIRCE C. GRAVITY D. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORMCE 64. The three most important subatomic particles found in an atom of an element which determines most of an element’s physical and chemical properties and the types of physical and chemical changes that it can undergo are the PROTONS , NEUTRONS and ELECTRONS. P. 74 - 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 65. The only atom of an element which does not contain at least one proton, one neutron, and one electron is an atom of the element HYDROGEN. 66. An atom of the element hydrogen contains 1 proton(s), 0 neutron(s), and 1 electron(s). 67. The subatomic particles which compose an atom of an element are found in either the NUCLEUS or the ELECTRONS of the atom. P. 75, 76, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 68. A(n) PROTONS is a subatomic particle which has a positive electrical charge. P. 75, 77, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 69. Protons are only found in the NUCLEUS of an atom. P. 75, 77, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 70. The chemical abbreviation for one proton is P + and the abbreviation for seven protons is 7 P+ 71. The number of the protons found in the nucleus of an atom of an element determines nearly all of an element’s PHYSICAL properties DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 72. You can NEVER change (increase or decrease) the number of PROTONS found in the nucleus of the atom of an element otherwise you would change it into an atom of a different element. 73. An atom of the element mercury (Hg) has 80 protons in its nucleus but if I removed one of those protons from its nucleus it would no long be an atom of the element mercury instead it would change into an atom of the element GOLD which has 79 protons in its nucleus. 74. A single proton has a mass of ONE Atomic Mass Unit (AMU). P. 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 75. One proton has approximately the same mass as one NEUTRON. P. 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 76. Most of an element’s atomic weight or its rounded off atomic mass number is determined by adding the total number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS found in the nucleus of an atom of that element together. P. 77, 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 77. The total number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of an element is equal to the ATOMIC number of that element. P. 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 78. How many protons are found in a neutral atom of the element 9 F 19 77, 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 9 P. protons 79. A(n) ELECTRONS is a subatomic particle which has a negative electrical charge. P. 74, 77, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 80. The negative electrical charge of one electron is equal to but opposite the positive electrical charge of one PROTONS. P. 77, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 81. The abbreviation for one electron is e - and the abbreviation for seven electrons is 7e-. 82. Electrons are only found in the ELECTRON CLOUD of an atom. P. 76, 77, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 83. The number and arrangement of the electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom determines nearly all of an element’s CHEMICAL properties. P. 125, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 84. The total number of electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom adds very little to the mass of an atom since it takes nearly 2000 electrons to equal the mass of one proton or one neutron. P. 78, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 85. The electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom are arranged in layers called SHELLS, ORBITALS or ENERGY LEVELS of electrons. P. 76, 125 86. The names of the different energy levels, shells or orbitals of electrons which compose the electron cloud of an atom, starting with the shell of electrons which is closest to the nucleus are the K shell, L shell, M shell, and N shell. 87. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the K shell or orbital of electrons is 2 88. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the L shell or orbital of electrons is 8 89. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the M shell or orbital of electrons is 18 . 90. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the N shell or orbital of electrons is 32 . 91. The last or outer most shell of electrons in an atom is called the VALENCE shell of electrons in that atom. P. 125, Intro Game 92. The electrons which compose the valence shell of electrons in an atom are called VALENCE electrons in that atom. P.125 93. The number and arrangement of the VALENCE ELECTRONS in the valence shell of an atom of an element primarily determines if and how an atom of that element will chemically bond to another atom of an element during a chemical reaction to form a molecule of a compound. P. 125, Intro Game 94. The number of electrons and protons found in an atom of an element are normally the SAME since atoms of elements are usually neutral in charge. P. 77, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 95. The total number of electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom of an element is equal to the ATOMIC number of that element. P. 77 – 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 96. How many electrons are found in a neutral atom of the element 63.55 Cu 29 P. 77 - 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 29 electrons 97. A(n) NEUTRON is a subatomic particle which has no electrical charge. P. 77, Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video DVD: Atoms and 98. Neutrons are only found in the NUCLEUS of an atom. P. 77, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 99. The abbreviation for one neutron is No and the abbreviation for seven neutrons is 7no . 100. A single neutron has a mass of ONE Atomic Mass Unit (AMU). P. 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 101. One neutron has approximately the same mass as one PROTON. P. 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game, Bill Nye the Science Guy Video 102. Most of an element’s atomic weight or its rounded off atomic mass number is determined by adding the total number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS found in the nucleus of an atom of that element together. P. 77, 78, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 103. The number of neutrons found in the nucleus of a neutral atom of an element is determined by rounding off the ATOMIC MASS number of that element to the nearest whole number if it hasn’t already been rounded off and then SUBTRACTING its ATOMIC number from it. DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 104. How many neutrons are found in the nucleus of a neutral atom of the element Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 11 Na 23 P. 73 – 77, DVD: 12 neutrons 105. Draw a planetary model of a neutral atom of the element 30 Zn 65.39 showing the total number, abbreviation, and electrical charge of the protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of that atom and the total number, abbreviation, and electrical charge of the electrons found in each of that atom’s shells. Also, don’t forget to label each shell of electrons with its appropriate letter name. 2e18e- 8e2e- 30 p+ 35 n o L N K M 106. An atom of an element which has a positive or negative electrical charge is called a(n) ION of that element. P. 131 – 132, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 107. An ion of an element is formed when ELECTRONS are added to or removed from the valence shell of a neutral atom of that element. P. 131, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 108. A(n) POSITIVE ion of an element if formed when one or more electrons are removed from the valence shell of a neutral atom of that element. P. 131 109. For each electron you remove from the valence shell of a neutral atom of an element the ion of that element will become more POSITIVE by ONE each time. P. 131 11 110. Draw a planetary model of a positive two ion of the element B5 2e– 5p+ 6no K 111. A(n) NEGATIVE ion of an element is formed when one or more electrons are added to the valence shell of a neutral atom of that element. P. 131, Intro Game 112. For each electron you add to the valence shell of a neutral atom of an element the ion of that element will become more NEGATI VE by ONE each time. P. 131 113. Draw a planetary model of a negative two ion of the element 5e– 5 B 10.811 2e– 5p+ 6no K L 114. A neutral atom of an element which has a mass that is greater than or less than the mass of a neutral atom of that element is called a(n) ISOTOPE of that element. P. 79, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 115. An isotope of an element is formed when one or more NEUTRON are added to or removed from the nucleus of a neutral atom of that element. P. 79, DVD: Atoms and Molecules, Intro Game 116. A(n) HEAVY isotope of an element is formed when one or more neutrons are added to the nucleus of a neutral atom of that element. P. 79, Intro Game 117. Draw a planetary model of a heavy isotope of the element 3e– 2e– 5p+ K 5 B 11 L 118. A(n) LIGHT isotope of an element is formed when one or more neutrons are removed from the nucleus of a neutral atom of that element. P. 79, Intro Game 119. Draw a planetary model of a light isotope of the element 3e– 2e– 5p+ 5no K L 10.811 B 5