Download Intermediate 2 Biology Revision

Intermediate 2 Biology Revision
Use you Rise section Notes to complete the following tasks
1.1 Introduction to cells
1. Organisms, such as an amoeba, made up of just one cell
2. Cells have these three common parts.
3. The thin barrier that surrounds the cell allowing control of substances
into and out of cell
4. Complex mixture of substances where cell reactions take place.
5. Contains the genetic information used to control all the activities of the
cell.
1.2 Plant Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name three components common to plant cells
The complex carbohydrate cell walls are made from
The fluid-filled sac within it’s own membrane
The pigment which traps light energy
Two chemical stains used to view cell organelles
The function of the vacuole.
1.3 Cell Variety
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Produce a table comparing the organelles of Plant and Animal cells
Three common types of microbe
Term given to the industries using microbes to create useful products
Name two industries where yeast is the useful microbe
How are microbes employed in nutrients cycles in nature?
1.4 Cells and Biotechnology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The name given to the process yeast cells carryout to produce alcohol
Name the other product of this process
Name two more industries that use yeast
An antibacterial chemical
The toxin produced by a fungus, discovered by Alexander Flemming
and isolated by Florey and Chain
6. Antibiotics can only be used against this microbe
7. Over exposure to wide range antibiotics has caused…
8. Antibiotics are produced on a large scale in this piece of equipment
9. The sugar found in milk
10. Bacteria convert this sugar into
11. This product causes the milk to thicken as the proteins in milk…
1.5 Cells & Diffusion
1. Define diffusion
2. Name three molecules that can pass in or out of a cells through
diffusion
3. Describe in 4 steps how oxygen is taken into the blood in mammals
4. Describe in four steps how carbon dioxide is removed from the blood in
mammals
1.6 Cells & Osmosis
1. Define osmosis
2. Cell membranes are termed this as only SMALL, SIMPLE, SOLUBLE
molecules can pass through them freely
3. What is a concentration gradient (hint use a diagram)
4. A cell which has a higher water concentration than that solution it sits in
is termed….
5. A cell which has a lower water concentration than the solution it sits in
is called….
1.7 Osmotic Effects On Cells
1. Which direction will water move if a cell is hypotonic to its
surroundings?
2. Which direction will water move if a cell is hypertonic to its
surroundings?
3. The term given to a cell sat in a solution of the same water and solute
concentration (when there is no net movement)
4. Term given to plant cells when they swell due to water gain
5. Term given to plants when plant cells loose too much water.
6. Describe the appearance of a plant cell that has lost too much water
7. What effect does a hypotonic solution have on an animal cell?
8. What effect does a hypertonic solution have on an animal cell?
9. Account for these differences compared to plant cells.
2.1 Catalysts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name two ways in which a chemical reaction can be speed up
Define a catalyst
Name the products of the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Name a chemical catalyst and a biological catalyst for this reaction
What is the term for a biological catalyst?
2.2 Nature of Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Enzymes are made of ….
Enzymes only work on one type of substance. They are said to be…
The general term given to the substances enzymes act upon
The point on the enzyme where it binds to the substance it acts upon
The name of the hypothesis that describes how an enzyme fits to its
substrate
2.3 Breakdown reactions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Term given to breakdown reactions
The enzyme that breaks down starch
The product of this reaction
The positive test for starch
The positive test for sugar
2.4 Synthesis Reactions
1. Enzyme found in potatoes that builds up glucose-1-phosphate
molecules
2. Humans store sugar in muscle and the liver as…
3. These build up reactions are termed…
2.5 Enzymes &Temperature
Term used to describe the temperature an enzyme works best at…
Enzymes in the body work best at …
Sketch a graph of the effect of temperature on enzyme activity
Describe the pattern of this graph
Once past the point at which an enzyme works best at, what does an
increase in temperature do to the enzyme?
6. How does this bring about the effect seen on the graph?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.6 Enzymes & pH
1. The term given to the pH at which an enzyme works best at?
2. Pepsin is an enzyme found in the stomach, what is its optimum pH?
3. What do extremes of pH do to enzymes?
3.1 Food & Energy
1.
2.
3.
4.
The type of energy stored in food.
Describe how the energy content of food can be measured
Which food group contains the most energy?
Name the process in all living organisms that releases energy from
food.
5. Write a word equation for this reaction
6. This reaction is controlled by…
3.2 ATP
ATP is short for…
It is made up of adenosine and ….. inorganic phosphate groups (Pi)
Draw a diagram of the structure of ATP
ATP is synthesised from ….. +……
This formation of ATP stores …..
The energy to make a molecule of ATP from ADP + Pi comes from the
break down of …
7. As ATP can be built up and broken down we say this process is…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.3 Aerobic Respiration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of…
The first stage in aerobic respiration
Glucose is broken down into this
This stage produces .?. ATP
The products of the breakdown of pyruvic acid
This stage produces .?. ATP
Draw a flow diagram to summaries Aerobic respiration
The total number of ATP released from Glucose in aerobic respiration
3.4 Anaerobic Respiration in Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Define anaerobic respiration
This happens when it is difficult for animals to supply their cells with …
Which stage of respiration is anaerobic?
What is the pyruvic acid converted into?
How many ATP are generated?
What effect does lactic acid have upon cells?
During recovery after anaerobic respiration what remains high to
supply enough oxygen?
8. What is this additional need for oxygen termed?
9. What is the Lactic Acid converted into during this time?
3.5 Anaerobic Respiration in Plants & Yeast
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is pyruvic acid converted into?
How many ATP are generated?
Is this process reversible?
Create a summary table to compare and contrast Aerobic respiration,
and anaerobic respiration in animals, and plants & yeast.
3.6 Uses of Respiration in Yeast
1.
2.
3.
4.
How do yeast reproduce?
In what industry is yeast used to respire aerobically?
In what industry is yeast used to respire anaerobically?
What must happen to barley grains in brewing for yeast to utilise the
sugar?
5. The build up of alcohol in a fermentation tank is toxic to yeast, what
effect does this have on the population of yeast?
4.1 Sunlight and Starch Production
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Define a producer
Name the substrates for Photosynthesis
Name the products of photosynthesis
Name 3 potential uses for the glucose produced in photosynthesis
Describe how a leaf is tested for starch in 4 steps
How would a leaf test if it had been kept in the dark for 48hrs?
7. Explain why this is observed
8. During day light there is an increase/ decrease in dry mass of a green
plant as starch is stored/broken down
4.2 The role of Chlorophyll
1. Name given to leaves where areas lack the green pigment
2. name this green pigment and the organelle where it is found
3. Chloroplasts trap light/chemical energy and convert it into
light/chemical energy
4. Chlorophyll traps light energy by…..
4.3 Raw materials & Products
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbon dioxide enters a plant through this process
Carbon dioxide enters the plant at this point
Water enters a plant at this point
Describe how photosynthesis can alter the composition of gasses in a
field of wheat in 24hrs
5. Name an ecosystem where high levels of CO2 and low levels of O2 are
found
6. Name an ecosystem where low levels of CO2 and high levels of O2 are
found
4.4 Two Stages of Photosynthesis
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The term given to the first stage where light is used to split water
Some light energy is used to split water into…
What happens to the hydrogen?
At this stage Oxygen is termed…
What else is some of the light energy used to form?
The products of this stage
The term given to the second stage
The carbon dioxide combines with the hydrogen form the first stage to
form…
9. This is controlled by…
10. The energy need for this stage of the reaction comes from…
4.5 Starch and Cellulose
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Starch and cellulose are chains of …
Describe the arrangement of glucose molecules in cellulose
What is the function of cellulose?
Describe the arrangement of glucose molecules in starch
What is the function of starch?
4.6 Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
1. Name 3 limiting factors of photosynthesis
2. Define a limiting factor
3. Sketch a graph to show the relation ship of increasing light intensity
and the rate of photosynthesis
4. Comment on the appearance of this graph
5. Sketch a graph to show the relation ship of increasing Carbon dioxide
concentration and the rate of photosynthesis
6. Comment on the appearance of this graph
7. Sketch a graph to show the relation ship of increasing temperature and
the rate of photosynthesis
8. Comment on the appearance of this graph in contrast to the previous
two.
4.7 Photosynthesis & Horticulture
1. Horticulture uses what structure to cultivate plants?
2. State one way in which the limiting factor of light intensity can be
removed in a greenhouse.
3. State two ways in which the limiting factor of carbon dioxide
concentration can be removed in a greenhouse.
4. State two ways in which the limiting factor of temperature can be
regulated in a greenhouse.
5. Name the two main benefits to growing plants in a controlled
environment.