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Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis co-exist as paired processes. Photosynthesis converts light energy into organic molecules such as carbohydrates. These molecules are picked up and utilized as fuel sources in organisms that employ Cellular Respiration for production of ATP and CO2. 1. Create a table comparing and contrasting the two processes. 2. Please provide a hypothesis and suggest an experiment to test the relationship between mtDNA and human ageing. Propose a direction for future research and drug development for targeting mtDNA to combat the aging process. 1. Create a table comparing and contrasting the two processes. Solution: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: “The process of photosynthesis makes glucose. Releasing the spring is like cellular respiration.” Photosynthesis is a biochemical process in which plants, algae, and some bacteria harness the energy of light to produce food. Ultimately, nearly all living things depend on energy produced from photosynthesis for their nourishment, making it vital to life on Earth. It is also responsible for producing the oxygen that makes up a large portion of the Earth's atmosphere. Cellular respiration allows organisms to use (release) the energy stored in glucose. The energy in glucose is first used to produce ATP. Cells use ATP to supply their energy needs. Cellular respiration is therefore a process in which the energy in glucose is transferred to ATP. Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that are opposite to each other. Photosynthesis is a process where food or sugar is formed by absorption of energy and respiration is a process where food or sugar is broken down and energy is released. The differences between photosynthesis and respiration are: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis produces food Respiration Respiration breaks down food In photosynthesis carbon dioxide combines In respiration glucose is broke down into with water to produce glucose carbon dioxide and water Photosynthesis absorbs sun’s energy Respiration releases energy trapped in food or glucose Photosynthesis takes place in the presence No catalyst is needed for respiration of a catalyst chlorophyll CO2 is absorbed in photosynthesis CO2 is released in respiration Oxygen is released in photosynthesis Oxygen is absorbed in respiration Photosynthesis has to take place in sunlight Respiration does not need sunlight Photosynthesis occurs only during daytime Respiration occurs at all times during the lifetime of the living cell 2. Please provide a hypothesis and suggest an experiment to test the relationship between mtDNA and human ageing. Propose a direction for future research and drug development for targeting mtDNA to combat the aging process. Solution: Experiment: Title: Drug development for mtDNA to combat the ageing process and finding the relationship between mtDNA and ageing process Aim: To test the relationship between mtDNA and human ageing process as well as Drug development for mtDNA to combat the ageing process. Hypothesis: “Contribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations to the human ageing process is reviewed and the implications for cellular bioenergy loss and pharmacological therapy (Drug development). Mitochondrial DNA mutation and the ageing process help us to understand the relationship between mtDNA and ageing process.” The central idea is that random mutations in the population of mtDNA molecules of each cell occur throughout life, and that this is a major contributor to the gradual loss of cellular bioenergy capacity within tissues and organs, associated with general senescence and diseases of ageing. An elaboration of four major aspects of the general proposition, together with relevant supporting data, is presented. An extensive array of deletions in mtDNA of many tissues of humans and other mammals has been observed to occur in an age-related manner. The preservation and selection of fully functional mtDNA molecules in the female germ line cells is proposed to occur via a human mtDNA cycle, in which selective amplification of a limited number of mtDNA templates occurs during oocyte development. The phenomena of maternal inheritance and rapid fixation of sequence variants of mtDNA in mammals, as well as selection of cells based on mitochondrial function, are taken into account. Tissue bioenergy mosaics result from accumulated mtDNA damage during ageing, representing different rates of cellular bioenergy loss within individual cells of a tissue. The random segregation of mtDNA during cell division will also further contribute to the tissue energy mosaic. Cells unable to meet their particular bioenergy demand will become non-functional, leading to cell death; the bioenergy threshold is different for the various cell types in the tissues of the body. In order to bioenergetically resuscitate cells and tissues suffering from impaired mitochondrial functions as a result of the ageing process, we propose that redox compounds may be used therapeutically in the pharmacological configurations of a by-pass strategy or as a redox sink therapy. The role of these compounds is to maintain at least part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain function (by-pass) as well as to maintain adequate levels of cellular NAD+ (redox sink) for ATP synthesis, predominantly by the cytosolic glycolytic pathway, with some contribution from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.