Download Chapter 35 Objectives

Chapter 35 Objectives
1. List the characteristics of an angiosperm.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that are divided into two classes, the dicotyledons and
monocotyledons.
2. Explain the differences between monocots and dicots.
Dicot is a subdivision of flowering plants whose members posses two embryonic seed leaves
or cotyledons. Monocot is also a subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess
one embryonic seed leaves.
3. Describe the importance of root systems and shoot systems to plants and explain
how they work together.
Know from Biology, Campbell book, pg. 670
4. Describe how plant cells grow.
There are three type of cells which are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. The first
one covers must of the plant’s metabolic functions, the second one have unevenly thickened
primary walls and provide support to parts of the plant that are still growing. The third one
has secondary walls hardened with lignin and may be dead at functional maturity.
5. Distinguish between parenchyma and collenchyma cells with regards to structure and
function.
Parenchyma cells have thin walls and serve various function including storage,
photosynthesis and secretion. Collenchyma cells serve mechanical support functions.
6. Describe the differences in structure and function of the two types of sclerenchyma
cells.
The two sclerenchyma cells are fibers and sclerids. Fibers usually occur in bundles and they
are long, slender and tapered. The sclerids are shorter that fibers and irregular in shape.
7. Explain the differences between simple tissues and complex tissues.
Know from AP Review Book
8. Describe the functions of the dermal tissue system, vascular tissue system and
ground tissue system.
Dermal tissue system is generally a single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and
protects all young parts of the plants. Vascular tissue system functions in transport and
support. The ground tissue system makes up the bulk of a young plant, filling the spaces
between the dermal and our communities.
9. Using a diagram, describe the basic structure of a root, a stem, and a leaf.
Know from AP Review book pg. 203
Chapter 36 Objectives
1. List three levels in which transport in plants occurs and describe the role of
aquaporins.
The three levels are the uptake and release of water and solutes by individual cells, such as
the absorption of water and minerals from the soil by cells of roots. Short-distance transport
of substances from the cell to cell at the lever of tissues and organs, such as the loading of
sugar from photosynthetic cells of the leaf into the sieve tubes of phloem. Long-distance
transport of sap within within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant.
2. Trace the path of water and minerals from outside the root to the shoot system.
Know from Biology, Campbell book, pg. 693
3. Define water potential.
Water potential is the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow,
governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.
4. Explain how solute concentration and pressure affects water potential.
The addition of solutes lowers the water potential, any solution at atmospheric pressure has
a negative water potential due tp the presence of solutes.
5. Predict the direction of net water movement based upon differences in water
potential between a plant cell and a hypoosmotic environment, a hyperosmotic
environment or an isosmotic environment.
Know from AP Review Book
6. According to the transpiration-cohesion-adhesion theory, describe how xylem sap
can be pulled upward in xylem vessels.
Although root pressure and capillary action may make minor contribution to water
movement under special conditions, most water movement through xylem.
7. Describe both the disadvantages and benefits of transpiration.
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants, removes water from leaves, causing
a negative pressure, or tension, to develop within the leaves and xylem tissues.
8. List three cues that contribute to stomatal opening at dawn.
Stomata open when CO2 concentrations are low inside the leaf. It is also accompanied by a
diffusion of potassium ions into the guard cells.
Chapter 37 Objectives
1. Describe the chemical composition of plants including:
a. Percent of wet weight as water
b. Percent of dry weight as organic substances
c. Percent of dry weight as inorganic minerals
Know from Biology, Campbell book, pg. 711
2. Distinguish between macronutrient and micronutrient.
Macronutrients are elements required by plants in relatively large amounts. Micronutrients
are elements that plants need in very small amounts.
3. List the nine macronutrients required by plants and describe their importance in
normal plant structure and metabolism.
The nine macronutrients are Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus,
Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium.
4. List seven micronutrients required by plants and explain why plants need only
minute quantities of these elements.
The seven micronutrient are Chlorine, Iron, Boron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper,
Molybdenum and Nickel.
5. Explain how soil is formed.
Know from AP review book.
6. Explain how humus contributes to the texture and composition of soil.
Humus is the decomposing organic material formed by the action of bacterial and fungi on
dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves and other organic refuse. Humus prevents clay from
packing together and builds a crumbly soil that retains water but is still porous enough for
the adequate aeration of roots.
7. Explain why plants cannot extract all of the water in soil.
A plant cannot extract all the water in the soil because some of it is tightly held by
hydrophilic soil particles.