Download Human Regulation Outline

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Human Regulation Outline
Regulation
Regulation
is the life process by which cells and organisms ____________ to
_______________ in and around them.
The actions of the ____________ and _____________ systems control and regulate the
body.
These two systems allow us to adjust to _____________ as well as __________
environmental changes.
Nerve Regulation
There
are three parts to nerve regulation:
The
The
The
A ___________ is a specific change in the _________________ that affects the nervous
system.
A ___________ is a _____________ to this stimulus.
Many organisms and glands of the body receive ___________ that are translated into
_____________.
An impulse is an _________ or _______ message that is carried by _____ cells.
The impulses are then transferred to the ____________________ (brain and spinal cord).
The central nervous system then sorts out and ____________ the incoming impulses.
The impulse is then sent to __________ or __________.
These organs and glands provide ___________ to these _____________.
Human Nervous System
The
human nervous system includes the __________, __________, and ______ that lie
outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Nerve cells receive _______________ and send them to various body parts.
Nerve Cells
Nerve cells are also called _____________.
A nerve cell is made up of a
Cell body –
Dendrites –
Axon –

Between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another is a space called a _________.
Impulses cross the synapse by means of _________ ______________________.

Nerves
A
nerve is a bundle of ____________ or parts of ___________.
Nerves can be classified as
Sensory –
Motor –
Mixed –
A nerve fiber is like a telephone line carrying messages to and from your home.
The Brain
The
brain is the major _________
center of the body.
The bones of the ______ surround
and _________ the _________.
The _____________, ____________,
and _____________ are three parts
of the brain.
The Brain - Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the center of _____________, ___________,
____________, sensory impulse ________________, and all ______________ activity.
It is the ____________ part of the brain.
When you take a test, you are using your ________________.

The Brain - Cerebellum
The __________________ is responsible for ______________ of muscles and is the center
of ______________.
When you bounce a basketball, you are using your _______________.
Alcohol reduces the ability of the cerebellum to ____________ muscle activity.
This results in slurred speech and unbalanced walking.

The Brain - Medulla
The medulla or _________________ is the center of _______________, _____________,
and other ____________________ activities.
Your medulla is controlling all the activities of your body that you cannot control such as
________________ and __________________.

The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is the tubular mass of ________ cells that extends from the brain stem
downward through the center of the ____________________.
It is surrounded and protected by the ______________ of the spinal column (backbone).
The spinal cord relays _______________ to and from the _________ and is the center of
some reflex actions.

Receptors
Receptors
are special structures that are sensitive to ______________.
Receptors _____________ messages.
External Receptors
External
receptors, called sense organs include





Internal Receptors
Internal
receptors are located in the internal ______________
They allow the ___________ to detect




Involuntary Behavior
The
total response of an organism to ___________ is known as ______________.
The response may be inborn or ___________, ____________ or _________________.
Examples of Involuntary behaviors that occur automatically ______________ conscious
control include:
Contraction of _________ and ____________ muscles
Secretion of ___________
Simple _____________ ( knee jerk and iris movement)
Examples of Involuntary actions that are acquired by the individual through ____________
include:
Writing one’s name
Riding a bike
Playing a musical instrument
The Reflex
The
reflex is an example of __________________ behavior.
A reflex action does not require ____________; it is an ____________ action.
Blinking and the knee jerk are examples of a ___________.
Voluntary Behavior
Voluntary
behaviors require ______________.
The impulses start in the ______ and are carried by ______ cells to _________ or _______.
The muscles or glands respond in a certain way.
_____________ actions include
Measuring with a meter stick
Picking up a book
Building a model airplane.
Nervous System Disorders
Paralysis
is caused by severe damage to the ________________.
It results in the loss of feeling and muscle function in the lower parts of the body.
Paralysis occurs because impulses to and from the lower body muscles cannot be
_________________ to the brain.
Meningitis
is an inflammation of the ___________ that surround the ____ and spinal cord.
The disease is caused by _______________.
The symptoms include severe ______________ and _____________ of the neck.
Meningitis can be fatal.
_________________ are used to treat meningitis.
Polio
is a viral disease of the central nervous system that can cause ________________.
It can be prevented by __________________.
Drugs and the Nervous System
Drugs
affect the nervous system in many different ways.
Some drugs create a feeling of _____________ (well-being).
Other drugs cause a decrease in _____________, or an inability to stop doing something
that a person would not normally do.
Using some drugs results in ___________ when they are taken continually for a few weeks.
This means that increasingly larger amounts are needed to get the desired ________.
There are some drugs that cause ___________ (excitement) and feelings of high energy.
Physical _____________, or ______________, can result from using drugs.
When the drug is withheld, the addict suffers physical illness and ___________ symptoms.
Chemical Regulation
The
____________ system is responsible for chemical _____________.
_______ may cause certain glands to secrete chemical messengers known as ___________.
These ____________ cause other parts of the body to ____________.
Human Endocrine System
The endocrine system includes the ________
_______ and their ______________.
The glands of the endocrine system release
___________ directly into the ____________.
The ______________ transports hormones
throughout the body.
Each _____________ acts on a certain kind
of _________.

Endocrine System Disorders
Diabetes
The pancreas does not release enough
_________ to break down _________.
This causes _______ blood _______.
Diabetes is controlled by ________ or
__________ injection after eating.

Human Regulation Outline - Teacher Guide (Key)
© Lisa Michalek
Regulation
 Regulation is the life process by which cells and organisms respond to
changes in and around them.
 The actions of the nervous and endocrine systems control and regulate the
body.
 These two systems allow us to adjust to internal as well as external
environmental changes.
Nerve Regulation
 There are three parts to nerve regulation:
 The stimulus
 The response
 The impulse
 A stimulus is a specific change in the environment that affects the nervous
system.
 A response is a reaction to this stimulus.
 Many organisms and glands of the body receive stimuli that are translated into
impulses.
 An impulse is an electrical or chemical message that is carried by nerve cells.
 The impulses are then transferred to the central nervous system (brain and
spinal cord).
 The central nervous system then sorts out and interprets the incoming
impulses.
 The impulse is then sent to organs or glands.
 These organs and glands provide responses to these impulses.
Human Nervous System
 The human nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that lie
outside of the brain and spinal cord.
 Nerve cells receive impulses and send them to various body parts.
Nerve Cells
 Nerve cells are also called neurons.
 A nerve cell is made up of a
 Cell body – containing the nucleus and cytoplasm
 Dendrites – branched parts that receive impulses from other neurons or
sense organs
 Axon – a single, long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body
 Nerve Cells
 Between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another is a space
called a synapse.
 Impulses cross the synapse by means of chemical neurotransmitters.
Nerves
 A nerve is a bundle of neurons
or parts of neurons.
 Nerves can be classified as
 Sensory – carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord
 Motor – carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the various
body parts such as muscles or glands
 Mixed – contain both sensory and motor fibers
 A nerve fiber is like a telephone line carrying messages to and from your
home.
The Brain
 The brain is the major control center of the body.
 The bones of the skull surround and protect the brain.
 The cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla are three parts of the brain.
The Brain - Cerebrum
 The cerebrum is the center of thinking, memory, emotions, sensory impulse
interpretation, and all voluntary activity.
 It is the largest part of the brain.
 When you take a test, you are using your cerebrum.
 The cerebellum is responsible for coordination of muscles and is the center of
balance.
 When you bounce a basketball, you are using your cerebellum.
 Alcohol reduces the ability of the cerebellum to coordinate muscle activity.
 This results in slurred speech and unbalanced walking.
The Brain - Medulla
 The medulla or brain stem is the center of respiration, heartbeat, and other
involuntary activities.
 Your medulla is controlling all the activities of your body that you cannot
control such as breathing and peristalsis.
The Spinal Cord
 The spinal cord is the tubular mass of nerve cells that extends from the brain
stem downward through the center of the spinal column.
 It is surrounded and protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column
(backbone).
 The spinal cord relays impulses to and from the brain and is the center of
some reflex actions.
Receptors
 Receptors are special structures that are sensitive to stimuli.
 Receptors receive messages.
External Receptors
 External receptors, called sense organs include
 Eyes
 Ears
 Nose
 Tongue
 Skin.
Internal Receptors
 Internal receptors are located in the internal organs
 They allow the brain to detect
 Hunger
 Thirst
 Muscle position
 Carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Involuntary Behavior
 The total response of an organism to stimuli is known as behavior.
 The response may be inborn or learned, voluntary or involuntary.
 Examples of Involuntary behaviors that occur automatically without
conscious control include:
 Contraction of heart and diaphragm muscles
 Secretion of glands
 Simple reflexes ( knee jerk and iris movement)
 Examples of Involuntary actions that are acquired by the individual through
repetition include:
 Writing one’s name
 Riding a bike
 Playing a musical instrument
The Reflex
 The reflex is an example of involuntary behavior.
 A reflex action does not require thought; it is an automatic action.
 Blinking and the knee jerk are examples of a reflex.
Voluntary Behavior
 Voluntary behaviors require thinking.
 The impulses start in the brain and are carried by nerve cells to muscles or
glands.
 The muscles or glands respond in a certain way.
 Voluntary actions include
 Measuring with a meter stick
 Picking up a book
 Building a model airplane.
Nervous System Disorders
 Paralysis is caused by severe damage to the spinal cord.
 It results in the loss of feeling and muscle function in the lower parts of
the body.
 Paralysis occurs because impulses to and from the lower body muscles
cannot be transmitted to the brain.
 Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and
spinal cord.
 The disease is caused by bacteria.
 The symptoms include severe headache and stiffness of the neck.
 Meningitis can be fatal.
 Antibiotics are used to treat meningitis.
 Polio is a viral disease of the central nervous system that can cause paralysis.
 It can be prevented by immunization.
Drugs and the Nervous System
 Drugs affect the nervous system in many different ways.
 Some drugs create a feeling of euphoria (well-being).
 Other drugs cause a decrease in inhibitions, or an inability to stop doing
something that a person would not normally do.
 Using some drugs results in tolerance when they are taken continually for a
few weeks.
 This means that increasingly larger amounts are needed to get the
desired effect.
 There are some drugs that cause stimulation (excitement) and feelings of
high energy.
 Physical dependence, or addiction, can result from using drugs.
 When the drug is withheld, the addict suffers physical illness and withdrawal
symptoms.
Chemical Regulation
 The endocrine system is responsible for chemical regulation.
 Stimuli may cause certain glands to secrete chemical messengers known as
hormones.
 These hormones cause other parts of the body to respond.
Human Endocrine System
 The endocrine system includes the endocrine glands and their hormones.
 The glands of the endocrine system release hormones directly into the
bloodstream.
 The bloodstream transports hormones throughout the body.
 Each hormone acts on a certain kind of tissue.
Endocrine System Disorders
 Diabetes
 The pancreas does not release enough insulin to break down sugar.
 This causes high blood sugar.
 Diabetes is controlled by diet or insulin injection after eating.