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QUESTION-BANK
CLASS-XI
SUBJECT-BIOLOGY (THEORY)
UNIT-I (DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD)
CHAPTER-1 THE LIVING WORLD
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define the term ‘taxonomy’.
Q.2. Who is the father of taxonomy?
Q.3. Who proposed the binomial system of classification?
Q.4. What is the basic unit of classification?
Q.5. What is the lowest category in the hierarchy system of classification?
Q.6. What is the highest category in the hierarchy system of classification?
Q.7. What is genus?
Q.8. Name the seven categories of hierarchical sysm of classification in descending
order.
Q.9. What is taxon?
Q.10. What is taxonomic key?
Q.11. Who wrote the book ‘Systema Naturae’?
Q.12. Name a unit of classification of organisms which can be recognized and
assigned to a definite category at any level of classification.
Q.13. What name is imparted to permanent orders of plant specimens which have
been preserved for future study?
Q.14. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) The lowest taxonomic category is ………….
(b) The category phylum is a part of hierarchy which exists in between the
……and….
(c) The hierarchy of categories consists of descending sequences of
……….obligatory categories.
(d) Taxonomy based on the chemical constituents of organisms is called ……….
(e) An intermediate category between genus and order is …………….
(f) The science of the diversity organisms is called……………
(g) The scientific name of man is …………..
(h) An assemblage of related species is………….
Q.15.Where is National Botanical Institute located in India?
Q.16.What is the international size of herbarium sheet?
Q.17.Fron which language scientific names of taxonomic groups are derived?
Q.18.Who is credited with the establishment of the binomial system of nomenclature
of plants?
Q.19.Name two pesticides which are generally sprayed on herbarium to prevent
fungal growth?
Q.20.Where is Indian Botanical Garden situated in India?
Q.21.What for ICBN stands?
Q.22.Name three vegetable plants which belong to the genus Solanum.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define the terms ‘systematics’ and ‘taxonomy’.
Q.2. Why do people give vernacular names to organisms?
Q.3. Name the criteria used in modern taxonomical studies.
Q.4. How is classical taxonomy different from modern taxonomy?
Q.5. What criteria were used for classification of organisms before Linnaeus?
Q.6. What is the meaning of the term ‘correlated characters’?
Q.7. What do you mean by the phrase’freely interbreed in nature’?
Q.8.Why is an author’s name written after the name of the species?
Q.9.The common name of rice is simpler than its technical name Oryza sativa.What
is then the advantage of a technical name?
Q.10. Why are scientific names written in italics?
Q.11. What is trinomial nomenclature?
Q.12. What is herbarium?
Q.13. What is the importance of herbarium?
Q.14. Botanical gardens are living herbaria. Comment.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Why all organisms have not yet been described and identified?
Q.2. Why is the binomial system of nomenclature acceptable to biologists all over
the world?
Q.3. What precautions should be taken while maintaining the herbaria?
Q.4. Enlist the various standard herbaria in the world and in India.
Q.5. What do you mean by a taxonomic key? What is the role of keys in taxonomy?
Q.6. Describe the hierarchical system of classification currently being followed.
Q.7. Develop a taxonomic key for the following:
Fish, Frog, Snake, Bird, Bat and Cat.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define the term systematics. What is the utility of systematics?
Q.2. Describe briefly the various steps to be carried out for the systematics studies in
classification.
Q.3. Define the term ‘taxonomy’. What is the utility of taxonomy?
Q.4. Taxonomy for a long time was considered as descriptive science.Why?
Q.5. What is hierarchical system of classification? Explain it in brief.
Q.6. (a) What is binomial system of nomenclature ? Who proposed this system ?
Give the scientific name of mang.
(b) What are the advantages of scientific names ?
Q.7. How do the biologists arrive at the universally acceptable names of plants and
animals ? Discuss.
Q.8. What is the correct way of writing the scientific names ?Illustate with example.
Q.9. What is a phylogeny?Why is a perfect phylogenetic classification not achieved
so far?
Q.10. List the various equipments used for collection and preservation of plant
specimens.
Q.11. What activities would you follow for setting up a herbarium ?
Q.12. List the various methods that are employed to preserve plants after collection .
Q.13. What are the Botanical Gardens ? Describe briefly about various Botanical
Gardens found in the world.
Q.14. What do you mean by the terms Zoological Parks and Museums ?List few
Zoological Parks and Museums of India and world. What is the scientific purpose of
Zoological Parks ?
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CHAPTER-2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Define the term phylogeny.
Q.2. What type of organisms are grouped under protista?
Q.3. Why are blue green algae included in moera?
Q.4. What type of bacteria are known as cyanobacteria?
Q.5. Name the bacteria which causes cholera.
Q.6. Expand PPLO.
Q.7. What are the cyanobacteria?
Q.8. How do archaebacterial cells tolerate the extremes of heat and pH?
Q.9.Name two cyanobacteria which have ability to fix the atmosoheric nitrogen.
Q.10 What is the utility of methanogens in the stomach of herbivorous animals?
Q.11. Name the various photosynthetic pigments in cyanobacteria.
Q.12. Name the group of archaebacteria which produce methane from CO2 or
formic acid.
Q.13. Define halophiles.
Q.14. What are the saprophytic fungi?
Q.15 Why do lichens generally occur in abundant at high altitude?
Q.16. What is a lichen?
Q.17. Why is the body of fungus called a thallus?
Q.18. In which major feature are fungi more like animals than plants?
Q.19. Name an organism that is used as an indicator of air pollution.
Q.20. What is plasmogamy?
Q.21. What are the protests?
Q.22. Which fungus causes an important disease of wheat—rust of wheat?
Q.23.Name two organisms which exhibit locomotion by flagella.
Q.24. Define the term ‘dikaryon’.
Q.25. Name few club fungi.
Q.26. Name a unicellular fungus.
Q.27. What are conidia?
Q.28. What are fungi imperfecti?
Q.29. Name the polysaccharide which constitutes the cell wall in a fungus.
Q.30. Name three major types of photosynthetic protests.
Q.31.What are dinoflagellates?
Q.32. What will happen if dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax are produced in enormous
quantity?
Q.33. how is diatomaceous earth formed?
Q.34. What is plasmodium?
Q.35. Which disease is caused by Plasmodium?
Q.36. State the function of pseudopodia in Amoeba.
Q.37. State one important characteristic feature of Euglena.
Q.38. Name the poisonous mushroom.
Q.39. What is heterothallism?
Q.40. How are red tides produced in ocean?
Q.41. Which photosynthetic protest is known as golden algae?
Q.42. What is the function of red eye spot in Euglena?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1 How is natural system of classification better than any artificial system of
classification?
Q.2. What are the bases for new five kingdom classification?
Q.3. What is the difference between Plasmodium and plasmodium? Write phylum of
each of them.
Q.4. Which kingdom is accorded to the prokaryotic organisms as per five kingdom
classification? Give its mode of nutrition.
Q.5. How do diatoms constitute the phytoplanktons of the sea?
Q.6. Why do lichens not occur in cities like Delhi?
Q.7. What is dikaryotization?Explain briefly with reference to Agaricus.
Q.8. How is systematics relevant to other branches of biology?
Q.9.Why was Linnaeus system of classification considered an artificial system?
Q.10. Enlist the various systems of classification.
Q.11. How o botanists and zoologists differ in their interpretation of natural system
of classification?
Q.12. What are the main functions of biological classification?
Q.13. What are cyanobacteria?
Q.14. Write the salient features of viruses.
Q.15. What are viroids?
Q.16. What are uses of lichens?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define the following terms:
(a) Systematics (b) Taxonomy (c) Nomenclature
Q.2. Why have all the organisms not yet been described and identified?
Q.3. Why the binomial system of nomenclature is accepted to biologists all over the
world?
Q.4. What is the basic unit of biological classification? Who gave this term? Define
the term.
Q.5. What is artificial system of classification? What are the limitations of this
system of classification?
Q.6. What is the natural system of classification?
Q.7. Distinguish between cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy.
Q.8. Explain the role of chemical information in classification of plants.
Q.9. Give the main differences between natural and phylogenetic systems of
classification.
Q.10. Write a short note on the status and structure of bacteria.
Q.11. Classify the bacteria based on their form and shape.
Q.12. Describe briefly the structure of a cyanobacterial cell.
Q.13. What is the importance of cyanobacteria?
Q.14. Compare the different types of the fruiting bodies of fungi.
Q.15. How are ascomycetes different from basidiomycetes?
Q.16. What is fungi-imperfecti (Deuteromycetes ) ?Name few diseases caused by
this.
Q.17. Draw a neat and well labelled diagram of Euglena.
Q.18. Compare the salient features of monera and protista.
Q.19. Differentiate between the kingdom plantae and kingdom animalia.
Q.20. Discuss briefly the structure of a virus.
Q.21. Write an explanatory note on ‘mycoplasma’.
Q.22. What are the three morphological forms of lichens?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe briefly the various types of phonetic classification.
Q.2. Who introduced the two-kingdom classification? Why this system has appeared
unsatisfactory to many biologists?
Q.3. Highlight the criteria for five-kingdom system of classification.
Q.4. State the important characteristics of the kingdom monera.
Q.5. Write on the economic importance of bacteria.
Q.6. Discuss reproduction in fungi.
Q.7. What kind of organisms are grouped under protista? Would you consider this
system a natural one?
Q.8. In a tabular form give the main characteristics of five kingdoms.
Q.9. Describe briefly the structure of T-2 PHAGE.
Q.10. Write in brief about the lysogenic and lytic phases in the life cycle of a virus.
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CHAPTER-3 PLANT KINGDOM
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name the pigment which imparts red colour to the red algae.
Q.2. Why do red algae appear blue-green in shallow water?
Q.3. Name the various pigments found in brown algae.
Q.4. State the function of phyco-colloids in cell walls of the brown algae.
Q.5. What is algin?
Q.6. Name any two pigments fiund in red algae.
Q.7. From which algae agar is obtained?
Q.8. Where is Funaria found?
Q.9. Name the pigments found in cyanobacteria.
Q.10. Name the male and female sex-organs in Funaria.
Q.11. What is the mode of nutrition in sporophyte of Funaria?
Q.12. State the function of paraphysis found in sex organs of mosses.
Q.13. How would you recognize gametophytic plant body or liverwort?
Q.14. What is protonema?
Q.15. Which generation is dominant in the life cycle of moss?
Q.16. State the function of rhizoids in liverworts.
Q.17. Name the plant from which ephedrine is extracted.
Q.18. Write an economic importance of moss plant.
Q.19. To which generation prothallus belongs?
Q.20. Name a plant which bears roots, stem and leaves but no fruit.
Q.21. On which structure, the sex organs of fern are found?
Q.22. State the difference between Antherozoids of a moss and a fern.
Q.23. What do you mean by the term ‘naked seeds’?
Q.24. Where are ferns generally found?
Q.25. What is the main characteristic of gymnosperms?
Q.26. What is a cone?
Q.27. Which shoot of pinus is known as shoot of unlimited growth?
Q.28. Define the term ‘monoecious’.
Q.29. In a gametophyte of fern, the antheridia usually ripen much before the
archegonia? What does this signify?
Q.30. Which generation is dominant in the life cycle of pinus?
Q.31. What is pollination drop ?
Q.32. Name the plant that produces the smallest flower in plant kingdom.
Q.33. What main character of the seed plants make them specially adapted to life on
land?
Q.34. Name the largest sea-weed.
Q.35. Which element is extracted from the sea-weeds?
Q.36. Why do bryophytes grow in moist and shady places?
Q.37. Name the non-vascular amphibian of the plant kingdom.
Q.38. Name the root like structures that help liverworts to absorb water from the
substratum.
Q.39. What are the halophytes?
Q.40. What is polyembryony?
Q.41. Why are the pinus leaves called ‘needles’?
Q.42. What is heterosporous?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is agar?
Q.2. What is the function of phycocolloid cell wall in brown algae?
Q.3. Why are the bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
Q.4. What is the habitat of mosses?
Q.5. Why do mosses generally occur in moist regions?
Q.6. Why are there no trees among mosses?
Q.7. Why are most ferns confined to the wet area?
Q.8. Name the four classes of the pteridophytes.
Q.9. Write a short note on Lycopodium.
Q.10. Write two characteristic features of Selaginella.
Q.11. What is heterospory? In which plant it is found?
Q.12. Why is Equisetum called horsetail?
Q.13. Why is Adiantum known as walking and maiden hair fern?
Q.14. List the similarities between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
Q.15. In what ways do the sporophytic and gametophytic generations of the ferns
differ from those of the bryophytes?
Q.16. Differentiate between prothallus and protonema.
Q.17. In what respects is a fern more advanced than a moss?
Q.18. List few uses of ferns.
Q.19. Differentiate between homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte.
Q.20. List the four main divisions of gymnosperms.
Q.21. What are the differences between long shoot and dwarf shoot?
Q.22. Distinguish between megasporophyll and microsporophyll.
Q.23. Give few characteristics of the leaves and roots of conifers that make them
well adapted for dry conditions.
Q.24. Define triple fusion. What is the product of this process? What does the
product develop into?
Q.25. Give two main differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Q.26. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds. Then why are they classify
separately?
Q.27. Differentiate between syngamy and triple fusion.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What group of organisms are placed under plant kingdom?
Q.2. Tabulate the photosynthetic pigments, food reserve and habitat organization of
various algae.
Q.3. What are the main characteristics of the green algae?
Q.4. List any three importance of the green algae.
Q.5. Give three important uses of red algae.
Q.6. Give few distinguishing characters of red algae.
Q.7. How are red alge more successful to live in deep waters?
Q.8. What are the important characteristics of brown algae?
Q.9. What is algin? Give its uses.
Q.10. Differentiate between red algae and brown algae.
Q.11. Differentiate between algae and fungi.
Q.12. Give the main characteristics of bryophytes.
Q.13. (a) How does fertilization take place in Funaria plant?
(b) Can the fertilization be possible without water in bryophyte?
Q.14. In what respects, bryophytes are advanced over algae?
Q.15. What is the economic importance of bryophytes?
Q.16. What are the characterisrics of vascular plants?
Q.17. Give the main characteristics of pteridophytes.
Q.18. Give the main characteristics of gymnosperms.
Q.19. List the events from pollination to fertilization in plants.
Q.20. Give the economic importance of gymnosperms.
Q.21. Among the bryophytes, ferns and gymnosperms which are most useful to man
and why?
Q.22. Describe the essential parts of a flower. What are their uses?
Q.23. Give three main differences between monocot and dicot plants.
Q.24. What is the process of double fertilization? Give its significance?
Q.25. What features have led to the dominance of angiosperms.
Q.26. When and where does reduction division take place in the life-cycle of a
liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and angiosperm
Q.27. Compare the reproductive organs of gymnosperms and angiosperms.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Tabulate few main characteristics of algae. Give their main classes.
Q.2. What do you understand by ‘alternation of generation’? Explain it with the
example of moss.
Q.3. Describe briefly the life-cycle of fern.
Q.4. Describe briefly the structure of microsporophyll (male cone) and
megasporophyll (female cone) of a gymnosperm.
Q.5. Explain the process of development of ovule and the female gametophyte.
Q.6. List the events from pollination to fertilization in the angiosperm that you have
studied. What changes in the ovule occur as it develops into the seed after
fertilization?
Q.7. Describe the main three types of life-cycles that are seen in plants.
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CHAPTER-4 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name any animal having radial symmetry.
Q.2. Name a fresh water sponge.
Q.3. Name two coelenterates.
Q.4. Name the animal which has tentacles and remain fixed to the substratum in its
adult stage like plant.
Q.5. Name any parasitic worm and the phylum it belongs.
Q.6. To which phylum does ascaris belong?
Q.7. Name the excretory organs in tapeworm.
Q.8. Give one most important characteristic of phylum arthropoda.
Q.9. How many wings and legs are found in a butterfly?
Q.10. Arrange the following organisms into different phyla:
(a) Liverfluke (b) Roundworm (c) Bath sponge (d) Earthworm (e) Jellyfish
Q.11. What are the cold-blooded animals?
Q.12. What is meant by the term warm-blooded animals?
Q.13. What is the chief excretory organ in a fish?
Q.14. In which animal nictitating membrane is found?
Q.15. State one adaptation in reptiles best suited for their terrestrial life.
Q.16. Give one important differentce between a frog and a toad.
Q.17. To which phylum chameleon belongs?
Q.18. Name the large opening in each sponge through which water passes out.
Q.19. What is polymorphism?
Q.20. Which type of teeth are found in man?
Q.21. What are the viviparous animals?
Q.22. Name two egg-laying mammals.
Q.23. Name one pouched animal.
Q.24, Name one limbless animal.
Q.25. Name a free-living and a parasitic platyhelminthes.
Q.26. Bird’s bones are pneumatic. Why?
Q.27. Name a ovo-viviparous mammal.
Q.28. In an experiment situation, mantle of Unio is removed. Then what will
happen?
Q.29. Flatworms have specialized cells for excretion & osmoregulation. Name these
cells.
Q.30. Which protozoan causes malaria in humans?
Q.31. In an experimental condition, the endodermal lining of Hydra was pasted with
plaster of Paris but its locomotion was not impaired. Which function of Hydra
would be affected in this condition?
Q.32. Why are prototherians called unfinished mammals?
Q.33. What enables bony fishes to stay afloat at a particular depth without
expanding energy in swimming?
Q.34. Write two important characters of phylum Echinodermata.
Q.35. Name the phylum where the larva is bilaterally symmetrical but the adult is
radially symmetrical.
Q.36. Write technical term for an animal having true body cavity.
Q.37. Which annelid is ectoparasite without any setae and parapodia.
Q.38. ‘Sea-horse’ is a variety of horse. State true or false.
Q.39. Name the phylum in which triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical,true
coelomate metamrically segmented worm like animals are included.
Q.40. Name the special glands present in the skin of birds.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the differences that you find in direct and indirect development.
Q.2. What is meant by diploblastic and triploblastic animals?
Q.3. Define metamerism.
Q.4. Outline the role of coelom in animals.
Q.5. Enumerate the differences between polyp and medusa.
Q.6. What are corals?
Q.7. What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?
Q.8. Differentiate between male and female ascaris.
Q.9. Match the terms in column-I with those in column-II.
COLUMN-I
COLUMN-II
(A) Hydra
(1) Round worm
(B) Millipede
(2) Segmented worm
(C) Sea-urchin
(3) Arthropoda
(D) Leech
(4) Coelenterates
(E) Ascaris
(5) Echinoderms
Q.10. Differentiate between a moth and a butterfly.
Q.11. “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify
the statement.
Q.12. Write a short note on class- cyclostomata.
Q.13. Are you radially symmetrical or bilaterally symmetrical? Which side of your
body is dorsal and which side is ventral?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the marine aquatic animals? Give its three types.
Q.2. What are the terrestrial animals? List various types of adaptations in these
animals.
Q.3. Describe briefly the various levels of organization animals.
Q.4. If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify
it?
Q.5. What are the difficulties that you would face in classification o animals if
common fundamental features are not taken into account?
Q.6. Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
Q.7. Describe briefly three patterns of body symmetry.
Q.8. Define the following:
(i) Phytoplankton,
(ii) Zooplankton,
(iii) Coelome,
(iv) Metameric segmentation
(v) Sedentary animals
(vi) Metazoans,
(vii) Hermaphrodite animals.
Q.9. What is metamerisation? Differentiate between metameric and non-metameric
segmentation.
Q.10. What is coelome? What are acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate
animals? Give examples of each type.
Q.11. How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the
classification of animals?
Q.12. Give the distinguishing characters of phylum coelenterate (Cnidaria).
Q.13. What are the characteristics of phylum- Ctenophora.
Q.14. Give the important characteristics of phylum- Nemathelminthes
(Aschelminthes).
Q.15. Members of which phylum are known as ‘the segmented worms’?
Q.16. Name the excretory units of these organisms. Write about their body
symmetry and mode of respiration also.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What do you understand by “alternation of generation”? Explain it with the
example of moss.
Q.2. Describe briefly the life-cycle of fern (Pteris).
Q.3. Describe briefly the structure of microsporophyll (male cone) and
megasporophyll (female cone) of a gymnosperm (pinus).
Q.4. Explain the process of development of ovule and the female gametophyte.
Q.5. List the events from pollination to fertilization in the angiosperm that you have
studied. What changes in the ovule occur as it develops into the seed after
fertilization?
Q.6. Describe the main three types of life cycles that are seen in plants.
Q.7. Name the two main sub-phylum of chordate. Give the important characteristics
of each sub-phylum.
Q.8. Name the class to which sparrow belong. List three adaptations which help it in
flying.
Q.9. Give the general features of class- mammalia.
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UNIT-II
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS
AND ANIMALS
CHAPTER-5 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are adventitious roots?
Q.2. Name any two roots which are modified for storage of food.
Q.3. Which type of roots are found in cuscuta?
Q.4. Name a plant which has negatively geotropic adventitious roots modified for
the absorption of the oxygen from the atmosphere.
Q.5. Name a free floating aquatic plant with photosynthetic roots.
Q.6. Which part of the plant leaf is modified to form the spines of Acacia and the
sheath covering of the leaf of Ficus elastica.
Q.7. Name the type of roots which are adventitious,aerial,obliquely growing and
provide additional support to the plant.
Q.8. Which type of roots are found in orchids?
Q.9. Name an insectivorous plant.
Q.10. Which type of creeper produces cluster of adventitious roots at the nodes to
propagate the plant?
Q.11. The number of tunica layers is always constant initially but corpus layers
increase continuously. Why?
Q.12. What is a cladode?
Q.13. In Indian Botanical Garden at Kolkata, one of the banyan tree is without its
main stem. What is the source of survivalof that plant?
Q.14. Name two plants that produce rhizomes.
Q.15. Differentiate between a thorn and a spine.
Q.16. Name the plant in which entire leaf is modified into a tendril.
Q.17. What is bulbil?
Q.18. Which kind of roots, monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous have yarch
vascular strands?
Q.19. Which type of venation is found I a dicotyledonous leaf?
Q.20. Define the term phyllotaxy.
Q.21. Name any two plants that show alternate phyllotaxy.
Q.22. Why do pneumatophores occur in mangrove plants?
Q.23. What is pulvinus?
Q.24. What takes er the function of ohotosynthesis in Opuntia?
Q.25. Cuscutta develops roots to penetrate the host tissue to obtain nutrition. What
are these roots called?
Q.26. Why do different plants have different type of phyllotaxy?
Q.27. Name the type of phyllotaxy in Hibiscus.
Q.28. Name a plant that shows opposite phyllotaxy.
Q.29. Which type of inflorescence is found in Ficus?
Q.30. What technical term is applied to the fruits formed without fertilization.
Q.31. What is scutellum?
Q.32. Coriander has what type of inflorescence?
Q.33. Which type of inflorescence is found in banana?
Q.34. What do you call a fruit which develops from an entire spike inflorescence?
Q.35. Define the term perennation.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is root system?
Q.2. Differentiate between adventitious roots and fibrous roots.
Q.3. A root system is extensively branched and bears a very large number of root
tips. How do root tips manage to penetrate the hard core of soil?
Q.4. Differentiate between prop roots and stilt roots.
Q.5.Differentiate between respiratory and assimilatory roots.
Q.6. It is commonly believed that roots develop below the ground. How would you
prove that potato tuber is a stem and not a root?
Q.7. Give any two reasons to justify that ginger is a modified stem?
Q.8. Onion is a modified stem. Justify the statement.
Q.9. Underground parts of a plant are not always roots. Justify on the basis of
external features.
Q.10. State the differences between;
(a) Bulb and Bulbil (b) Rhizome and Corm (c) Thorn and Prickle
Q.11. What type of stem does banana have? How do you recognize it?
Q.12. Amongst pea tendrils, opuntia spines, lemon thorns and cucurbit-tendrils,
which ones are homologous structures? Give reasons.
Q.13. Differentiate between;
(a) Corm and Bulb (b) Creeper and Climber
(c) Potato tuber and tuberous roots of dahlia
Q.14. List the various functions of leaves.
Q.15. Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf.
Q.16. Differentiate between a pinnately compound and a palmately compound leaf.
Q.17. Differentiate between phyllode and phylloclade.
Q.18. Describe the adaptation of leaves which reduces transpiration in plants
growing in arid regions.
Q.19. Sunflower appears as a single flower but it is not so in reality. Explain.
Q20. Differentiate between monoecious and dioecious plants. Give one example of
each.
Q.21. What do you understand by staminode and pistillode?
Q.22. Describe briefly about the various types of attachment of anthers to the
filaments.
Q.23. Justify –an apple is a false fruit.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What are the main characteristics of a root?
Q.2. Describe briefly the various regions of root?
Q.3. Tabulate the difference between tap root and fibrous root.
Q.4. List the various functions of roots.
Q.5. What is meant by the term modification of roots. Describe briefly the
modifications in tap roots with suitable examples.
Q.6. Give the various modifications of adventitious roots meant for storage.
Q.7. Give the various modifications of adventitious roots, which perform the
mechanical functions.
Q.8. Write briefly about some roots which perform the vital functions.
Q.9. What is the shoot system? Give the main characteristics of the stem?
Q.10. What are the essential differences between annuals, biennials and perennials?
Q.11. What are the main function of stem?
Q.12. Describe briefly the various forms of stem.
Q.13. What are the morphological differences between root and stem?
Q.14. Illustrate the various sub-aerial modifications of stem.
Q.15. Phylloclade and cladode both are aerial modificationsof the stem. Justify with
examples.
Q.16. What is phyllotaxy? What is its role in the life of a plant? List the different
types of phyllotaxy.
Q.17. What is venation? Give a brief account of different types of venation.
Q.18. Write explanatory notes on the following special types of inflorescence:
(a) Hypanthodium,
(b) Verticillaster,
(c) Cyathium.
Q.19. Describe briefly the various types of cymose inflorescence.
Q.20. Define the following:
(a) Hypogynous
(b) Epigynous
(c) Perigynous
(d) Hermaphrodite
(e) Staminate
(f) Pistillate flower.
Q.21. Write a short note on aggregate fruits.
Q.22. What is a seed? Differentiate between endospermic and non-endospermic
seeds.
Q.23. What are parthenocarpic fruits? Name few chemicals and hormones which
induce parthenocarpy.
Q.24. Describe the nature of the three major kinds of angiospermic fruits. Give one
example of each.
Q.25. What is meant by the term floral formula. Mention the meaning of different
symbols used in it.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe briefly the various aerial modifications of stem with suitable
examples.
Q.2. Describe briefly the various underground modifications of stem with suitable
examples.
Q.3. Describe briefly the various modifications of leaf with suitable examples.
Q.4. Describe briefly the various types of racemose inflorescence.
Q.5. Define a flower. Describe the various parts of a typical angiospermic flower.
Q.6. Describe briefly the various types of simple fleshy leaves.
Q.7. Explain the biological and economic importance of fruits.
Q.8. Describe briefly the structure of monocotyledonous albuminous seed.
Q.9. What is aestivation? Describe briefly the main types of aestivation.
Q.10. What is placentation? Describe briefly the various types of placentation.
Q.11. Give the diagnostic characters of the angiospermic family-Solanaceae.
Q.12. Give the diagnostic characters of the angiospermic family-Liliaceae.
Q.13. Give the diagnostic characters of the angiospermic family-Fabaceae.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER-6
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. From which structure lateral roots originate?
Q.2. Name few dead tissues in a stem.
Q.3. Give an example of a thick walled parenchyma cells.
Q.4. Name the zone of slowly dividing cells in the middle of highly meristematic cells
of the root tip.
Q.5. What are the meristematic tissues?
Q.6. What is heart wood?
Q.7. In which stem would you find the scattered vascular bundles?
Q.8. What is the role of lenticels?
Q.9. What is diffuse porous?
Q.10. Define casparian strip.
Q.11. Why do xerophytic leaves have sunken stomata?
Q.12. What types of vascular bundles are found in cucurbits?
Q.13. What is the function of casparian strip?
Q.14. Name the thickenings in the endodermal cells of roots that allow
unidirectional flow of water into the stele.
Q.15. Name the thin walled endodermal cells external to protoxylem groups in
roots,which do not have thickenings.
Q.16. Name a few monocot stems that exhibit secondary growth.
Q.17. What is a lysigenous cavity?
Q.18. What are tyloses?
Q.19. Name the meristem which produces dead corky cells towards the periphery
and living cells towards the centre.
Q.20. Screwpine bears the multiple root cap.
Q.21. The cross section of a plant material shows the following features under the
microscope. Vascular bundles are radially arranged and there are four xylem
strands showing exarch condition. Which part of the plant shows the above
anatomy?
Q.22. Give the examples of fruits having sclereids.
Q.23. What uses are phloem fibres put to?
Q.24. Which one out of root or stem shows endarch arrangement of xylem? What is
meant by endarch arrangement?
Q.25. Name the type of plant tissue that has characteristically thin-walled cells and
retains the capacity of division even at maturity.
Q.26. Name the tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plant organs?
Q.27.The cross section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features
under the microscope:
(a) the vascular bundles are radially arranged
(b) four xylem strands with exarch condition of the protoxylem.
To which organ should it be assigned?
Q.28. Name the tissue represented by the jute fibres used for making the ropes.
Q.29. Indicate the location of cambium in a dicot stem.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Mention the chief characteristics of the meristematic tissue.
Q.2. Why is cambium considered to be a lateral meristem?
Q.3. What are the permanent tissues?
Q.4. What are sclereids?
Q.5. Differentiate between aerenchyma and collenchyma.
Q.6. Differentiate between sclerenchyma and collenchyma.
Q.7. Sieve tubes in angiosperms are associated with specialized parenchyma cells.
Name these cells. How do they help sieve tube members?
Q.8. Are there any tissue elements of xylem which are comparable to those of
phloem? Comment.
Q.9. Define the various types of vessels of xylem.
Q.10. Differentiate between trichome and root hair.
Q.11. Why do we notice distinct rings in trees of temperate regions while in trees of
the coastal areas rings are not distinct?
Q.12. Explain in brief the annual growth rings.
Q.13. What is the function of the bulliform cells?
Q.14. Why a large number of stomata are present at the lower surface of the
dicotyledonous leaves in the terrestrial plants?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe in brief the various types of meristematic tissue on the basis of their
location.
Q.2. Describe the organization and regions of activity in root apex.
Q.3. If you are provided with microscopic preparation of T.S. of a meristematic
tissue, how would you distinguish them apart?
Q.4. . Describe the organization and regions of activity in shoot apex according to
tunica corpus theory.
Q.5. What are the basic three tissue systems in flowering plants? Name the tissues
under each system.
Q.6. Describe briefly the structure of parenchyma with the help of diagram.
Q.7. Describe briefly the structure of collenenchyma with the help of diagram.
Q.8. Differentiate between sieve cells and sieve tubes.
Q.9. Describe the structure and function of primary xylem.
Q.10. Where do you find the following tissues in the plant body?
(a) Meristematic tissue (b) Parenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma
(d) Xylem
(e) Phloem
(f) Pericycle
Q.11. Describe briefly the structure of stomata.
Q.12. Describe briefly the various types of vascular bundles.
Q.13. Answer the following with reference to the anatomy of dicot root;
(a) Where is the pericycle located?
(b) How are the xxxxylem vessels arranged?
(c) What type of cells constitute the cortex?
Q.14. Give six anatomical differences between dicot roots and monocot roots.
Q.15. Answer the following with reference to the anatomy of dicot stem;
(a) Where exactly are the cambial cells located in vascular bundles?
(b) What is the name given to such a vascular bundle?
(c) How are the xylem vessels arranged?
Q.16. Answer the following with reference to the anatomy of monocot stem;
(a) How are the vascular bundles arranged?
(b) How are the xylem vessels arranged in each bundle? What do you call such an
arrangement?
(c) Vascular bundles are closed ones. What type of tissue is lacking in them?
Q.17. Give six anatomical differences between monocot stem and dicot stem.
Q.18. What is phellogen? What does it produce?
Q.19. What is periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dicot
stems?
Q.20. Describe briefly the internal structure of dorsiventral leaf with the help of a
labeled diagram.
Q.21. Describe briefly the internal structure of isobilateral leaf with the help of a
labeled diagram.
Q.22. How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. With the help of labeled diagrams describe the structure and functions of
phloem.
Q.2. Define the following;
(a) Radial vascular bundles (b) Collateral vascular bundles
(c) Exarch xylem
(d) Endarch xylem
(e) Stele
Q.3. Describe the internal structure of a dicotyledonous root and draw a labeled
diagram of the cross section of a portion of it showing histological details.
Q.4. Describe the internal structure of a monocotyledonous root and draw a labeled
diagram of the cross section of a portion of it showing histological details.
Q.5. Describe in brief the process of secondary growth in a dicot root.
Q.6. Describe in brief the process of secondary growth in a dicot stem.
Q.7. Describe the internal structure of a dicotyledonous stem and draw a labeled
diagram of the cross section of a portion of it showing histological details.
Q.8. Describe the internal structure of a monocotyledonous stem and draw a labeled
diagram of the cross section of a portion of it showing histological details.
Q.9. Distinguish between;
(a) Phellem and Phelloderm
(b) Open vascular bundles and closed vascular bundles
(c) Fascicular cambium and inter fascicular cambium
(d) Conjoint vascular bundles and Radial vascular bundles
(e) Periderm and Bark
………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-7 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN
ANIMALS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name the functional unit of a muscle.
Q.2. What is a ligament?
Q.3. Name any two structures in our body which bear ciliated epithelium.
Q.4. Name the tissue which connects a muscle to a bone.
Q.5. Name the epithelium which lines the fallopian tubes.
Q.6. Name the type of epithelium which lines the inner surface of the stomach.
Q.7. Name the type of epithelium which lines the urinary bladder.
Q.8. Name the type of epithelium which lines the trachea to propel the mucous
towards the larynx.
Q.9. Name the type of epithelium that bears microvilli for absorption.
Q.10. Name the tissue that lines the intestinal mucosa and its advantage.
Q.11. Name the tissue which forms the inner lining of blood vessels.
Q.12. Name few epidermal structures.
Q.13. Suppose cells of our skin fail to synthesize kratin,how would it affect us?
Q.14. Name the type of tissue which supports the pinna of external ears.
Q.15.Why is earthworm blood red in colour?
Q.16. Which pigment is responsible for the transport of nutrients, respiratory gases,
metabolites,hormones and waste products?
Q.17. What is the function of brush-bordered epithelium?
Q.18. What is the function of ligament?
Q.19. In which type of nerve fibre, the nerve impulse will move faster?
Q.20. Name the protein found in the white fibres.
Q.21. Name any two structures in our body which bear ciliated epithelium.
Q.22. What name is imparted to the first segment of earthworm body?
Q.23. State the function of setae.
Q.24. What is the food of earthworm?
Q.25. Which type of circulatory system is found in earthworm?
Q.26. Define protandrous condition.
Q.27. How many spiracles are found in cockroach?
Q.28. What are the spermatophores?
Q.29. In which sex of a frog, vocal sacs and copulatory pads are present?
Q.30. Apart from performing the function of hearing, what other function does ear
perform?
Q.31. How is hump formed on the dorsal surface of the trunk of frog?
Q.32. What is the function of phallic gland in cockroach?
Q.33.How do frog respire during respiration?
Q.34. Name the larval stage in the life history of frog.
Q.35. Define the term – hermaphrodite.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue.
Q.2. Name the tissue that lines the fallopian tube. Name any one advantage of this
tissue being present there.
Q.3. Name the tissue that lines the urinary bladder. Name any one advantage of this
tissue being present there.
Q.4. Name the specific tissue that forms the outermost exposed surface of the human
skin. State any two advantages of this tissue being there.
Q.5. Give one example each of the striped and unstriped muscles in human body.
Mention any one main characteristic of cardiac muscles.
Q.6. What is the difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective
tissue.
Q.7. Differentiate between tendon and ligament.
Q.8. Differentiate between adipose and blood tissue.
Q.9. What is worm casting?
Q.10. What is the main difference in between the blood of man and earthworm?
Q.11. Describe briefly the orocess of respiration in earthworm.
Q.12. Earthworms are hermaphrodire, but self fertilization never occurs in them.
Why?
Q.13. What are the negative impacts of earthworms on mankind?
Q.14. Name the main excretory organs in cockroach. How does it help in excretion?
Q.15. What is mosaic vision?
Q.16. What is the habitat of frog?
Q.17. How do frogs protect themselves during scorching summer?
Q.18. Give the classification of frog.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Enumerate the various functions of the epithelial tissue.
Q.2. Write a short note on glandular epithelium.
Q.3. What is compound epithelium? Give its two main types.
Q.3. Differentiate between simple and compound epithelium.
Q.4. Write briefly about the three classes of cell junctions found in epithelium and
other tissues.
Q.5. What are the function of muscular tissues?
Q.6. What are the connective tissues? Give its important functions.
Q.7. Write an explanatory note on “Aerolar tissue”.
Q.8. What are the differences between white fibres and yellow fibres?
Q.9. What is adipose tissue? Where does it lie in human body? Give its important
functions.
Q.10. What are the differences between bone and cartilage?
Q.11. What are the following and where do you find them in animal body?
(a) Chondrocytes
(b) Axons
(c) Ciliated epithelium
Q.12. Write a short note on nervous system in earthworm.
Q.13. What is the economic importance of earthworm?
Q.14. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Prostomium and peristomium
(b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium.
Q.15. Explain briefly the process of reproduction in earthworm.
Q.16. Differentiate between male and female cockroaches.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.With the help of labeled diagrams give an account of all the three types of
muscle fibres.
Q.2. Describe in brief the general organization of the human blood.
Q.3. Describe in brief the structure of medullated neuron. Give a labeled diagram
also.
Q.4. Describe the external features of earthworm.
Q.5. What are nephridia? In which animal they are present? Name the different
types of nephridia by indicating their location. State briefly the function of
nephridia.
Q.6. Describe briefly the alimentary canal of earthworm.
Q.7. Describe briefly the process of digestion in earthworm.
Q.8. describe briefly reproductive system of earthworm.
Q.9. Describe in brief the alimentary canal of cockroach.
Q.10. With the help of labeled diagram describe briefly the male reproductive
organs of cockroach.
Q.11. With the help of labeled diagram describe briefly the female reproductive
Organs of cockroach.
Q.12. Give the possible reasons for the following statements;
(a) Atransparent nictitating membrane is present on the eyes of frog.
(b) The first finger of male frog is swollen.
(c) The skin of the frog is moist and slippery.
(d) Webs are present between the toes of frog.
(e) A tadpole has a long coiled intestine.
Q.13. With the help of a labeled diagram describe the alimentary canal and
digestive glands of a frog.
Q.14. With the help of a labeled diagram describe the male reproductive system of
a frog.
Q.15. With the help of a labeled diagram describe the female reproductive system
of a frog.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
UNIT-III CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER--8 CELL – THE UNIT OF LIFE
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What chemical substances constitute the cell wall?
Q.2. What are the plasmodesmata?
Q.3. Name three components of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Q.4. Which type of endoplasmic reticulum helps in the synthesis of steroid
hormones?
Q.5. State the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Q.6. Where are the ribosomes found in the cell?
Q.7. What is the main function of ribosomes?
Q.8. What is the function of middle lamella?
Q.9. Which polysaccharide constitutes the cell wall in fungi?
Q.10. What is cyclosis?
Q.11. Name two factors on which rate of cyclosis depends.
Q.12. Where would you find oxisomes?
Q.13.Which enzyme is found on the elementary particles?
Q.14. State the main function of mitochondria.
Q.15. What term is equivalent to Golgi-complex in plants?
Q.16. Which gas is generally liberated by chloroplast?
Q.17. In which organelle, the process of photophosphorylation occurs?
Q.18. Name the scientist who discovered the Golgi-complex.
Q.19. What are cisternae?
Q.20. Which pigments are dominantly present in the chromoplasts?
Q.20. What are the zymogen granules?
Q.21. How do lysosomes provide energy during starvation?
Q.22. What are the amyloplasts?
Q.23. Name different types of lysosomes.
Q.24. What is cellular autophagy?
Q.25. Which cell organelle is referred to as ‘suicidal bag’ of the cell? Why is it given
this name?
Q.26. How many membranes constitute the spherosome?
Q.27. What are spherosomes?
Q.28. Name the microbodies which are characteristically associated with the
presence of peroxide producing enzymes.
Q.29. What is the function of glyoxisomes?
Q.30. Apart from the nucleus, which of the other cell organelle has independent
DNA ?
Q.31. What is the recent name of the bioblasts?
Q.32. What is photophosphorylation?
Q.33. Which cell organelle is known as the protein factory?
Q.34. Name any specialized cell which has lost its mitochondria.
Q.35. Who discovered nucleus?
Q.36. Nucleoli are formed by special regions of particular chromosomes. Name
these regions.
Q.37. Name the proteins which are associated with chromosomes.
Q.38. Define the term-cell inclusions.
Q.39. What is meant by 9+2 organisation?
Q.40 What is the function of microtubules?
Q.41. Name any cell component which is membraneless.
Q.42. Name the scientist who discovered mitochondria.
Q.43. Name the protein present in the microtubule.
Q.44. Expand PPLO.
Q.45. Which mineral ion is required for binding smaller and bigger sub-units of
ribosomes.
Q.46. In which part of the mitochondria electron transport chain is located?
Q.47. Name an animal that possesses two nuclei.
Q.48. What is lysozyme?
Q.49. To which food aleurone grains are associated?
Q.50. In which organisms gas vacuoles are found? Q.51. Name the two major
inclusions of bacteria.
Q.52. Which type of bands are used in karyotyping of plants?
Q.53. What are dictyosomes?
Q.54. Define the term-polyribosome.
Q.55.What are mesosomes?
Q.56. Name the nutrient stored in elaioplasts.
Q.57. Why are centrioles said to be diplosomes?
Q.58. State the function of nucleolus.
Q.59. What are desmotubules?
Q.60. Which substance makes the tertiary cell wall?
Q.61. What does ‘Omnis cellula-e-cellula’ mean?
Q.62. Why is the cell theory not applicable to viruses?
Q.63. What is cellular totipotency?
Q.64. The smaller cells are metabolically more tive than the bigger cells.Why?
Q.65. Who firstly coined the term protoplasm?
Q.66. Why are membrane associated lipids called amphipathic?
Q.67. State the function of Fo-F1 particles of mitochondria.
Q.68. If a cell does not possess any intra compartmentalization, what name would
you give to such type of cell?
Q.69. Name the membrane that surrounds the vacuole.
Q.70. Who was the first to explain that new cells arise from the pre-existing cells?
Q.71. Name the largest unicellular plant.
Q.72. Why are the cells of amoeba and leucocytesirregular in shape?
Q.73. Is there existing relationship between size of an organism and size of the cell?
Q.74. The naked genetic material in prokaryotic cell is ……………….(Fill in the
blank.
Q.75. Which cell organelle is said to be’kitchen of the plant?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Why is the cell considered to be the functional unit of life?
Q.2. What is the contribution of following scientists in the field of cell biology?
(i) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(ii) J.E.Purkinjee
(iii) Robert Brown
(iv) Rudolf Virchow
Q.3. Explain the statement “Omnis cellulae cellula”.
Q.4. Who proposed cell theory and what modification(s) Rudolf Virchow made in
it?
Q.5. What is the disadvantage of multicellularity in an organism?
Q.6. Define the term – cellular totipotency.
Q.7. The cells of unicellular organism are usually spherical whereas those of
multicellular tend to be many sided. Why?
Q.8. What are the sex pili in bacteria?
Q.9. How can gram negative and gram positive bacteria be identified?
Q.10. What are the chromatophores? Give its function.
Q.11. Explain the term – extrinsic and intrinsic proteins.
Q.12. (i) What is Golgi apparatus? Name the scientist who discovered it.
(ii) Where would you find the Golgi apparatus?
Q.13. What are dictyosomes?
Q.14. Why lysosomes are considered as suicidal bags?
Q.15. Write a short note of ‘spherosomes’.
Q.16. Which cell organelle is known as “Power House” of cell? Give its two
functions.
Q.17. List two important functions of chloroplast.
Q.18. What are the similarities between mitochondria and chloroplast?
Q.19. Tabulate the important points of differences between cilia and flagella.
Q.20. What are the differences between cilia and centriole?
Q.21. List the various functions of centrioles.
Q.22. What structural and functional characteristics do cilia,flagella and centriole
have in common?
Q.23. (i) What is nucleus and who discovered it firstly?
(ii) Give its brief chemical composition.
Q.24. What are nuclear pores? State their function.
Q.25. What are the functions of nucleus?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Who proposed the ‘cell theory’? Give the main fundamental observations of the
cell theory.
Q.2. How are unicellular organisms adapted to maintain their continuity without
division of labour?
Q.3. How would you apply the concept of division of labour to multicellular
organism?
Q.4. How the multicellular organisms have a greater capacity for survival than the
unicellular ones?
Q.5. What are the advantages for an organism to have tissues instead of the one type
of cells.
Q.6. The shape of the cells varies with the function they have to perform. Enlist few
examples for this.
Q.7. A group of smaller cells have a higher metabolic rate than single larger cell of
the same volume. Justify this statement.
Q.8. What is cell envelop? Describe its chemical nature.
Q.9. What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? Mention the functions that it
performs.
Q.10. What is glycocalyx? Give its important functions.
Q.11. What are the cell inclusions in a prokaryotic cell?
Q.12, Write a short note on ribosomes in prokaryotes.
Q.13. Mention the differences between pilus and fimbriae?
Q.14. How do neutral solutes move across the plasma membrane? Can the polar
molecules also move across it in the same way? If not ,then how are these
transported across the membrane?
Q.15. Give few important points of differences between primary and secondary wall.
Q.16. (i) What is endoplasmic reticulum? Where is it found?
(ii) What is the distinction between smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Q.17. Describe briefly the structure of endoplasmic reticulum.
Q.18. What are the various functions of endoplasmic reticulum?
Q.19. Discuss the various functions of Golgi complex.
Q.20. What are peroxisomes?
Q.21. (i) What are the mitochondria? Who named it firstly?
(ii) Give their place of occurrence.
Q.22. What are the plastids? Briefly discuss the classification of the plastids.
Q.23. Describe briefly the ultra structure of a typical chloroplast.
Q.24. Give few important points of differences between leucoplasts and
chromoplasts.
Q.25. How do mitochondria and chloroplast differ in their mode of function?
Q.26. Name two cell organelles that are double membrane bound. What are the
characteristics of these two organelles? State their function.
Q.27. What are microtubules? State their functions.
Q.28. What are microfilaments? Give their functions.
Q.29. Differentiate between microtubules and microfilaments.
Q.30. Both lysosomes and vacuoles are endomembrane structures, yet they differ in
terms of their functions. Comment.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the advantages of multicellularity to an organism?
Q.2. How is the surface of a cell related to its volume?
Q.3. What do you mean by prolaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Differentiate between
them.
Q.4. Classify the bacteria on the basis of their form and shape. Give diagrams also.
Q.5. Describe briefly the structure of a typical bacterial cell.
Q.6. What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells.
Q.7. With the help of a labeled diagram, explain Singer and Niolson’s fluid mosaic
model of plasma membrane.
Q.8. Describe briefly the structure of cell wall.
Q.9. Explain the structure and function of mitochondria.
Q.10. What are ribosomes? Give their structure and functions.
Q.11. Classify the chromosomes depending upon the position of centromere.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-9 – BIOMOLECULES
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is glycosidic bond?
Q.2. What are the polysaccharides?
Q.3. Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of monosaccharide units.
Which types of bond occur among monosaccharides?
Q.4. Define the term- homosacchorides.
Q.5. What are the heterosaccharides?
Q.6. What is simple and compound interest?
Q.7. Which polysaccharide is known as ‘animal starch’?
Q.8. Where does glycogen store in the animal body?
Q.9. What is the chemical composition of cellulose?
Q.10. What is peptide bond?
Q.11. What are proteins?
Q.12. How many amino acids are known so far?
Q.13. What is pleated sheet?
Q.14. Where the pleated sheet structure is seen?
Q.15. Give one example of quaternary structure of proteins.
Q.16. Do the different structure of proteins posses varying quality and quantity of
amino acids?
Q.17. Name two contractile proteins found in the muscles.
Q.18. Name the purine nitrogenous bases.
Q.19. What is nucleotide?
Q.20. Which molecule is known as energy currency of the cell?
Q.21. Name the following:
(a) Sugar present in RNA.
(b) Base not found in DNA?
Q.22. Who proposed the model of DNA structure?
Q.23. Name the purine bases present in DNA and RNA.
Q.24. Name the sugar present in DNA?
Q.25. What is nucleoside?
Q.26. What is the composition of ATP?
Q.27. What is peotide bond?
Q.28. Which molecule stores cellular information?
Q.29. Define the term ‘enzyme’?
Q.30. What is simple enzyme?
Q.31. What is conjugated enzyme?
Q.32. Define ‘apoenzyme’.
Q.33. Define the term-holoenzyme?
Q.34. What is inhibitor?
Q.35. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) ATP is a ………… nucleotide.
(b) Deoxyribose is a pentose sugar with a chemical formula……….
(c) ……….. is a respiratory pigment of higher animals.
(d) In a protein different amino acids are united to one another by …….. bonds.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the macromolecules? Give examples.
Q.2. What is meant by tertiary structure of proteins?
Q.3. List four functions of proteins and name one protein that performs each
function.
Q.4. Although all proteins are made up of the same amino acid,explain how your
proteins may be different from those of a dog.
Q.5. Can you describe what happens when milk is converted into urds or yoghurt
from your understanding of proteins?
Q.6. Draw the structure of the amino acid alanine.
Q.7. What are the polysaccharides?
Q.8. Differentiate between Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides?
Q.9.Give two examples of storage polysaccharides.
Q.10. What is chitin?
Q.11. What are gums made of? Is Fevicol different?
Q.12. What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide?
Q.13. List names of nucleosides found in RNA.
Q.14. What are the various functions of nucleotides?
Q.15. Why is the DNA molecule compared to a spiraling staircase?
Which three components make up the nucleotide?
Q.16. Where do you find the following in DNA, RNA or in both?
(a) Ribose
(b) Deoxyribose
(c) Adenine
(d) Uracil
(e) Guanine.
Q.17. Nam,e the different types of RNA.
Q.18. What are the fatty acids insoluble while their carbon counterpart like acetic
acid highly soluble?
Q.19. What is hydrogenation?
Q.20. What are the essential and non-essential fatty acids?
Q.21. Cooking of food in groundnut oil is more beneficial than in vanaspati ghee.
Why?
Q.22. What are the waxez?
Q.23. Explain the composition of triglyceride?
Q.24. What are the steroids?
Q.25. What are the uses of cholesterol?
Q.26. How are living state and metabolism synonymous?
Q.27. Why is it essential to maintain fruits and vegetables at room temperature for
their safe storage?
Q.28. Explain how deep freezing can prevent the spoilage of meat?
Q.29. What is bioenergetics? State the first law of thermodynamics.
Q.30. Why do physicians recommend vegetable oil rich in polyunsaturates for
persons suffering from high blood cholesterol or cardiovascular diseases?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. How would you analyse the chemical composition of cell or a living tissue?
Q.2. Define the term ‘biomolecules’. What is the difference between macromolecules
and micromolecules?
Q.3. Lipids are not macromolecules strictly even though they are considered as
macromolecules. Why?
Q.4. What are the amino acids? Give their chemical composition.
Q.5. Classify amino acids on the basis of their reaction and charges.
Q.6. What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
Q.7. What are the functions of amino acids?
Q.8. What are the proteins?
Q.9. State the various functions of proteins.
Q.10. What are the polysaccharides? Give their structural classification.
Q.11. Classify the polysaccharides on the basis of their functions.
Q.12. Write a short note on cellulose.
Q.13. What is the importance of cellulose in daily use?
Q.14. Explain how glycosidic bonds are formed?
Q.15. Describe briefly the structure and functions of ATP molecule.
Q.16. What are the characteristics of ribonucleic acid?
Q.17. What are the phospholipids? How are they amphipathic in nature?
Q.18. Describe the structure of phospholipids. How are they arranged in the cell
membrane.
Q.19. What is metabolic transformation? Give its few examples.
Q.20. State the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways. How are the
two pathways regulated?
Q.21. Define the term ‘enzyme’? Give its brief chemical composition.
Q.22. How are enzymes named? How have enzymes been classified recently/
Q.23. Describe briefly the catalytic cycle of an enzyme action.
Q.24. What is the role of an enzyme in terms of energy requitrment of a reaction?
Q.25. What are the differences between inorganic catalyst and enzyme?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is the difference between primary,secondary and tertiary structure of
proteins?
Q.2. (i) Name the various sources from where human beings obtain the starch.
(ii) Give briefly the composition of starch.
Q.3. What are the nucleotides? Describe their structure.
Q.4. Describe in brief the chemical structure of DNA.
Q.5. What are lipids? Give three main types of lipids.
Q.6. What are the fatty acids? Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids.
Q.7. Enumerate the different factors which influence the action of enzymes.
Q.8. How does competitive inhibition of an enzyme occur? Give an example.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 10- CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Where does the process of mitosis occur?
Q.2. What is interphase?
Q.3. Name three stages of cell cycle associated with interphase.
Q.4. In which phase of the interphase,the DNA contents of the cell becomes double?
Q.5. Where does the process of meiosis take place?
Q.6. Which organelle helps in the formation of spindle in animals cells?
Q.7. Name the alkaloid that inhibits cell division during metaphase stage.
Q.8. Which plant yields the coichicine?
Q.9. What is cytokinesis?
Q.10. Define karyokinesis.
Q.11. Why is mitosis division called as reductional division?
Q.12. What is meiocyte?
Q.13. Name the five sub-stages of prophase I of meiosis.
Q.14. What are the homologous chromosomes?
Q.15. Name the stages for the following statements:
(a) Pairing of homologous chromosomes
(b) Crossing over among non-sister chromatds
(c) Terminalization of chiasmata
(d) Doubling of DNA contents of the cell
(e) Division of centromere.
Q.16. Can a haploid cell divide meiotically?
Q.17. Who discovered the process of mitosis?
Q.18. In which organisms would you find the amitosis process?
Q.19. Who coined the term ‘meiosis’?
Q.20. What is bivalent?
Q.21. Define crossing over.
Q.22. In which group of organisms anastral spindle is found?
Q.23. In which stage,nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear during mitosis?
Q.24. How do chromosomes attach themselves to the spindle fibres?
Q.25. Define the term – interkinesis.
Q.26.Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur:
(i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator.
(ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate.
(iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place.
(iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.
Q.27. Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
Q.28. Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?
Q.29. Give the suitable answer:
(a) Haploid insects and lower plants where cell division occurs
(b) Some haploid cells in higher plants where cell division does not occur.
Q.30. Find out where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and
where they are found unequal in size.
Q.31. What will be the DNA content of the cells at G1,after S and at G2 if the
content after M phase is 2C?
Q.32. Can you tell the name and location of tissues having cells that divide all their
life in higher plants?
Q.33. What is the difference between anaphase of mitosi and meiosis-I?
Q.34. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) ………….involves the division of cytoplasm.
(b) In ………..,the genetic material is not equally distributed to the daughter cells.
(c) Mitosis occurs in………. cells.
Q.35. What is centromere?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is cell cycle?
Q.2. Why is the resting stage interphase the most active stage of the cell cycle?
Q.3. What is G0 ( quiescent ) phase of the cell?
Q.4. Enumerate the significance of mitosis.
Q.5. Why is mitosis called the equational division?
Q.6. Where does mitosis take place in plants and animals?
Q.7. Is the cytoplasm of a cell, like the nucleus, shared equally by the daughter cells?
Q.8. Why is it necessary for the daughter cells to possess the same number of
chromosomes?
Q.9. Give the sequence of the events occurring during prophase of mitosis.
Q.10. How does cytokinesis in plant ces differ from that in animal cells?
Q.11. Differentiate between chromatin and chromatin.
Q.12. What is meiosis? Where does it occur? What is the result of meiosis?
Q.13. What are homologous chromosomes? What happens to homologous
chromosomes during meiosis?
Q.14. Differentiate between the gametic and zygotic meiosis.
Q.15. Name the forces which help in chromosomal movement during cell division.
Q.16. Why is meiosis called the reductional division ?
Q.17. What are the different ways in which pairing occurs during zygotene?
Q.18. What are chiasmata? State their significance.
Q.19. Define (a) Synapsis (b) Bivalent
Q.20. What is the relationship between meiosis and fertilization?
Q.22. Why is cell division necessary?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Differentiate between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase-I of meiosis.
Q.2. Why does multicellular organism require two types of cell division? Which of
the two produces the greater number of cells?
Q.3. A well known biologist stated that the life history of an organism could be
summd up as ‘gametic fusion, equational division and reductional division’.
Comment.
Q.4. Why does sexual reproduction always bring about in variations in the
offspring?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is mitosis? Describe briefly the various events that occur during this
process in a cell.
Q.2. Explain the changes that take place during prophase-I of meiosis-I with the
help of suitable diagrams.
Q.3. Give ten differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Q.4. Anaphase-I of meiosis differes from anaphase of mitosis in one sential way.
Describe the difference and explain how it affects the daughter cells ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
UNIT-IV
CHAPTER-11
(PLANT PHYSIOLOGY)
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define the term protoplasm.
Q.2. What are the plasmodesmata?
Q.3. If solute is added to a solution,then its water potential will increase or
decrease?
Q.4. What is apoplast pathway of water movement?
Q.5. Name two factors which influe water potential of a cell.
Q.6. What is symplast pathway of water movement?
Q.7. What causes the leaves of grasses to roll in dry weather?
Q.8. A plant cell when kept in a certain solution gets plasmolysed.
Q.9. What happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Q.10. What signals the closure of stomata in certain plants during severe drought?
Q.11. Why do raisins swell up in the water?
Q.12. State the normal value of water potential of pure water.
Q.13. At what time the stomata in succulent plants open?
Q.14. Why is enough salt added during preparation of pickles?
Q.15. Two factors affect water potential. What are they?
Q.16. Define the term diffusion.
Q.17. List two factors that are responsible for osmosis to occur?
Q.18. Define the term osmotic potential.
Q.19. Why does the body of a marine fish burst when placed in tap water?
Q.20. What is plasmolysis?
Q.21. Define the term – imbibition.
Q.22. What is matric potential?
Q.23. Name the mineral element concerned with the regulation of turgidity in guard
cells.
Q.24. Define wall pressure.
Q.25. When does wilting occur in plants?
Q.26. Which force is responsible for ascent of sap?
Q.27. Which type of guard cells are found in the grasses?
Q.28. Is active absorption of water osmotic or non-osmotic?
Q.29. High temperature influences the closing of stomata depends?
Q.30. List two features in the leaves of plants growing in dry habitat.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe facilitated diffusion.
Q.2. What is diffusion? What factors affect this process?
Q.3. Define symport, antiport and uniport.
Q.4. What is the significance of diffusion?
Q.5. What is the importance of water in the life of plants?
Q.6. Explain the relationship between water potential, solute potential and pressure
potential.
Q.7. Decribe the role of osmotic potential in regulating water potential of plant cells.
Q.8. Why does the pure water possess the maximum water potential?
Q.9. Define the term permeability.Name three types of membranes based on their
permeability.
Q.10. What is the reverse osmosis?
Q.11. Differentiate between osmotic potential and osmotic pressure.
Q.12. It is a common observation that after a plant is sprayed with a heavy dose of
an insecticide, yellowish areas apprear on leaves. Investigation shows that the cell
are dead. Since the spray of insecticide is not poisonous to plants, try to give reason
for the death of the cells.
Q.13. If theconcentration of salt in the soil is too high, the plants may wilt even if the
field is thoroughly irrigated. Why?
Q.14. Why do plants die in the water-logged soil?
Q.15. When your foot is sprained and becomes swollen, the doctor advises you to
keep your foot in hot water containing lot of common salt.Why?
Q.16. Why do raisins swell up in water?
Q.17. Why do red blood cells begin to burst wen placed in distilled water?
Q.18. Differentiate between plasmolysis and deplasmolysis.
Q.19. What will happen to a plant cell if it is kept in a solution having higher water
potential?
Q.20. How do dry seeds swell up when they are kept in water?
Q.21. Briefly describe the structure of the root hair.
Q.22. How do the water and othsolutes enter the vascular bundles?
Q.23. How is mycorrhizal association helpful in absorption of water and minerals in
plants?
Q.24. Why is transpiration in higher plants considered a nessary evil?
Q.25. Give four differences between transpiration and evaporation.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What are porins? What role they play in diffusion?
Q.2. What is the significance of diffusion?
Q.3. What is active transport? Describe the role played by protein pumps during
active transport in plants?
Q.4. In wt way does the concept of water potential help in explaining water
movement?
Q.5. Define osmosis and explain how it influences other components of cell water
relation in plants.
Q.6. Give experiment to demonstrate the process of osmosis in the laboratory.
Q.7. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Osmotic potential and osmotic pressure
(b) Osmosis and diffusion.
Q.8. Describe osmosis as a special case of diffusion.
Q.9. What is plasmolysis?
Q.10. Differentiate between turgor pressure and wall pressure in plant cells. List
any four ways in which turgidity serves useful purposes in the plants.
Q.11. What is imbibition? List two conditions that are necessary for imbibition to
occur?
Q.12. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Osmosis potential and matric potential
(b) Osmosis and imbibition
Q.13. What is mass or bulk flow system? Explain briefly.
Q.14. Describe briefly the two pathways through which water moves from root hair
to stele?
Q.15. What are the objections to root pressure theory?
Q.16. Write in brief about capillarity theory of water translocation.
Q.17. What forces are involved in the absorption of water fr the soil by the root
hairs?
Q.18. Write a short note on “Guttation”.
Q.19. Discs the factors responsible for ascent of xylem sap in plants.
Q.20. What are the anti-transpirants? Give its few examples.
Q.21. List the various factors that affect the process of transpiration.
Q.22. What essential role does the root endodermis play during mineral absorption
in plants?
Q.23. Write a short note on the translocation of mineral ions.
Q.24. Explain why xylem transport unidirectional and phloem transport bidirectional.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define the term ‘Water potential’.On what factors,the value of water potential
depends?
Q.2. (a) What is root pressure? How would you demonstrate it in plants?
(b) What role does root pressure play in water movement in plants?
Q.3. Describe transpiration pull model of wa transport in plants. What are the
factors influencing transpiration? How is it useful to plants?
Q.4. Define the term transpiration. Give its significance.
Q.5. What are the guard cells? How do they control the opening and closing of
stomata?
Q.6. Explain the pressure flow hypothesis of translocation of sugars in plants.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 12 – MINERAL NUTRITION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name the mineral element which is involved in the opening and closing of
stomata and whose deficiency leads to yellow edges of leaves and premature death.
Q.2. Name the mineral element which is essential for proper growth of cell walls in
plant cells.
Q.3. Name two organisms which fix nitrogen asymbiotically and symbiotically.
Q.4. Name the best known symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Q.5. Give two examples of photosynthetic microorganisms, which also fix
atmospheric nitrogen.
Q.6. What is nitrification?
Q.7. Name the element which is the constituent of chlorophyll.
Q.8. Which kind of plants harbours nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules?
Q.9.Name three framework elements of the plant.
Q.10. What is nacrosis?
Q.11. Which type of condition is created by leg-hemoglobin in root nodules of a
legume?
Q.12. Define the term hunger sign.
Q.13. What are chemoautotrophs?
Q.14. Name the enzyme which converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.
Q.15. What is active absorption of mineral?
Q.16. What is passive absorption of mineral?
Q.17.What is peptide bond?
Q.18. What is mycorrhiza?
Q.19. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(i) Plants take up the boron from the soil in the form of………….
(ii) The main elements of chlorophyll are………….. and ………. .
(iii) The element present in cytochrome oxidase is…………..
(iv) An unhealthy condition of leaves due to the deficiency of chlorophyll is
termed as………………….
Q.20. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. If false, then
write the correct statement.
(i) Aerobic condition is created by leg hemoglobin to allow the nitrogenase
enzymes to fix nitrogen.
(ii) Deficiency of management causes chlorosis by making leaves yellow.
(iii) Phosphorus is not a constituent of FAD.
Q.21. Name the plants where hydroponics has been successfully employed for
commercial purpose.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What do you mean by mineral nutrition in plants?
Q.2. Why is purification of water and nutrient salts so important in studies
involving mineral nutrition using hydroponics?
Q.3. Define terms –macronutrients and micronutrients by giving examples.
Q.4.List the criteria for an element to be considered essential for plant life.
Q.5. Why did leaves become yellow in the deficiency of magnesium?
Q.6. Which are the two macronutrients that usually play the most important role in
limiting plant growth globally?
Q.7. What is the critical conctration of elements?
Q.8. Differentiate between the two manners of absorption of minerals in plants from
the soil through the roots.
Q.9. How does tranlocation of solutes occur in plants?
Q.10. Why do farmers use leguminous crop to provide nitrogen to the soil?
Q.11. Why does leghaemoglbin act as oxygen scavenger?
Q.12. In the root nodules of leguminous plants, what is the role of nitrogenase and
leghaemoglobin?
Q.13. Name the pigment fond in the root nodules of legumes.How does this pigment
protect the enzyme nitrogenase?
Q.14. List the two processes by which majority of amino acids in plants are
synthesized.
Q.15. Name the important amides found in plants. How are these formed?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the conditions necessary for fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by
Rhizobium ? What is their role in N2 fixation?
Q.2. How are nodules formed in leguminous plants?
Q.3. What is symbiotic nitrogen fixation? Name few organisms that help in this type
of fixation.
Q.4. State briefly about the mechanism of absorption of elements.
Q.5. Write a short note on ‘Toxicity of micronutrients’.
Q.6. Write the deficiency symptoms of the following;
(a) Clcium (b) Iron (c) Copper
Q.7. why do plants require potassium and magnesium?
Q.8. Mention atleast six indications for the deficiency of minerals in plants.
Q.9. Classify the essential elements into fferent categories on the basis of their
diverse functions.
Q.10. “all elements that are present in a plant need not be essential for its survival”.
Comment.
Q.11. Write about solution culture experiment.What is the importance of such
experiment?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name atleast five essential micronutrients and mention their fuctions.
Q.2. Mention five macronutrient elements along with their functions.
Q.3. Name atleast five deficiency symptoms in plants. Correlate them with the
concerned mineral deficiency.
Q.4. In certain plants deficiency symptoms appear first in younger parts of the plant
while in others they do so in mature organs.Why it is so?
Q.5. Write briefly about the nitrogen cycle existing in nature.
Q.6. Explain the various steps involved in the biological nitrogen fixation in plants.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-13
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Write the overall equation of photosynthesis.
Q.2. How many turns of the Calvin cycle takes to make one molecule of glucose?
Q.3. Name any three C4 plants.
Q.4.Expand the abbreviation RuBP and NADP.
Q.5. Name three organelles where the process of photorespiration occurs?
Q.6. In which reaction, generation of ATP and NADPH2 occurs?
Q.7. What is hill reaction?
Q.8. How is photosystem-I considered as a cyclic photophosphorylation?
Q.9. Name the constituents of chloroplast grana.
Q.10. What are carotenoids?
Q.11. Name few plants which carry out photosynthesis at night.
Q.12. Name the discovery which gave the concept of two photochemical reactions.
Q.13.Give anatomical feature of leaves found in C4 plants.
Q.14. Define photolysis.
Q.15. What is photorespiration?
Q.16. What is photooxidation?
Q.17. Expand PAR.
Q.18. What is photophosphorylation?
Q.19. Why do algae flow in water during daytime and sink during night?
Q.20. Which element constitutes the centre part of the chlorophyll?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Why does chlorophyll appear green?
Q.2. What is the advantage of having more than one pigment molecule in a
photocent?
Q.3. Define the term-(a) Absorption spectrum (b) Action spectrum
Q.4. Suppose there were plants that had a high concentration of chlorophyll b, but
lacked chlorophyll a .Would this plants carry out photosynthesis? Then why do
plants have chlorophyll b and other accessory pigments?
Q.5. Look at the leaves of a plant on the shady side and compare it with the leaves
on the sunny side. Which of them look darker green? Why?
Q.6. What is Hill reaction?
Q.7. What is ‘Emerson Enhancement Effect’?
Q.8. Why does the rate of photosynthesis decline in the presence of continuous light?
Q.9. Why is there no evolution in bacterial photosynthesis?
Q.10. Are the enzymes that catalyze the dark reactionof carbon fixation located
inside the thylakoids or outside the thylakoids?
Q.11. Define photorespiration.
Q.12. Why do green plants start evolving carbon-dioxide instead of oxygen on a hot
sunny day?
Q.13. Write one importance of the process of photorespiration.
Q.14. What are C4 plants? Give few examples.
Q.15. By looking at which internal structure of a plant can you tell whether a plant
is C3 or C4 ?
Q.16. State the law of limiting factors. Who proposed principle of limiting factors?
Q.17. Define the tersm – photon and quantum.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. In which organelle, does the process of photosynthesis occur? Describe the
structure of that organelle in brief.
Q.2. Explain briefly the internal structure of chloroplast granum under electron
microscope.
Q.3. Describe briefly the general structure of chlorophyll.
Q.4. Give three differences between chlorpphyll a and chlorophyll b.
Q.5. Describe the light reaction.
Q.6. Describe cyclic photophosphorylation. What is the purpose of proton gradient
created during the process in the thylakoids?
Q.7. Where does non-cyclic photophophorylation take place?Describe the process.
Why is the process referred to as non-cyclic?
Q.8. Describe briefly the electron transport in light reaction of photosynthesis.
Q.9. Give six differences between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Q.10. What is the disadvantage of photorespiration? Explain, how photorespiratory
lossesare overcome in plants like sugarcane.
Q.11. What are the plants that consume more than usual 18 ATP to produce one
molecule of glucose favou in tropical regions?
Q.12. Give six differences between C3 and C4 plants.
Q.13. Expand PEP. Where is it produced in C4 plants?What is its role in the
biosynthesis?
Q14. How does the enzyme Rubisco act as carboxylase and oxygenase respectively.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Give the contribution of the following scientists in the field of photosynthesis.
(i) Jan Baptista van Helmet.
(ii) Theodore de Saussure.
(iii) Robin Hill
(iv) Julius von SACHS
(V) T.W.Engelmann.
Q.2. What is photosystem? Which is the pigment that acts as reaction centre?
Describe the interaction of photosystem I and photosystem II.
Q.3. Explain the photochemical phase of photosynthesis. Where does it take place?
Q.4. Where does Calvin cycle take place in chloroplast? Explain the cycle.
Q.5. Describe the process of fixation of carbo-doxide given by Hatch and Slack.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-14
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define the term respiration.
Q.2. What is aerobic respiration?
Q.3. What is glycolysis?
Q.4. Define respiratory quotient.
Q.5. Which compound is intermediate between glycolysis and TCA cycle?
Q.6. What is meant by anaerobic respiration?
Q.7. Name the end products of alcoholic fermentation.
Q.8. How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose on its
complete oxidation in eukaryotes?
Q.9. How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose in
prokaryotes.
Q.10. Mention the main function of myoglobin.
Q.11. Where does electron transport chain occur?
Q.12. Expand NADP and FAD.
Q.13. Name the enzyme found in F1 headpiece of F0- F1 complex.
Q.14. Why does an athlete feel pain after running a marathon race?
Q.15. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Q.16. Why do persons with sufficient white fibres get fatigued in a short time?
Q.16. How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose in
glycolysis.
Q.17. Why does less quantity of ATP produced in eukaryotes as compared to
prokaryotes during oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
Q.18. 38 ATP molecules are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose,
but the net gain is just 36 ATP molecules.What ppens to the 2ATP molecules?
Q.19. Which compound is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic
respiration?What will happen if dilute molasses are inoculated with yeast cells?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Do the plants breathe?
Q.2. State the importance of ATP molecules in respiration.
Q.3. Why is glucose considered as efficient respiratory fuel?
Q.4. What are the respiratory substances ? Name the most common respiratory
substance.
Q.6. Can we call the complete ombustion of coal in a railway engine producing CO2
and energy a process of respiration?Argue.
Q.7. Which type of respiration is more useful for an organism? And why?
Q.8. Can a living organism survive without performing glycolysis? Give reason for
your answer.
Q.9. Why does anaerobic respiration produce less energy than anaerobic
respiration?
Q.10. Ared muscle fibre works for a prolonged period whereas white muscle fibre
gets fatigued soon. Why?
What is respiratory quotient? What does it indicate?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Write the significance of citric acid cycle.
Q.2. How are glycolysis, Kreb’s TCA cycle and the ETC linked?
Q.3. What is anaerobic respiration?Give its main characteristics.
Q.4. Describe briefly the process of anaerobic respiration in muscles.
Q.5. Write in short the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells.
Q.6. Explain the process of fermentation.
Q.7. Give theree differences between glycolysis and fermentation.
Q.8. Show in a schematic representation that TCA cycle is a common metabolite
pathway for carbohydrates, fats and proteins.P
Q.9. Plants do not have the respiratory organs. Then how do they get along without
these organs?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Explain the main steps in aerobic respiration.
Q.2. Discuss the process of glycolysis.
Q.3. Give a balance sheet of the ATP molecules produced during aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
Q.4. Describe briefly the process of Kreb’s cycle (TCA CYCLE ).
Q.5. Write briefly about the electron transport chain.
Q.6. Explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation with the help of a diagram.
Q.7. Calculate the respiratory quotient for carbohydrates, fats and organic acids.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-15
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What induces parthenocarpy in grapes?
Q.2. Define vernalization.
Q.3. Name any two synthetic auxins used in agriculture.
Q.4. Name the hormone that makes the plants more tolerant to various stresses.
Q.5. Name two synthetic auxins.
Q.6. Which artificial synthesize hormones was used by USA during Vietnam war?
Q.7. How can you prevent leaf fall fruit drop in plants?
Q.8. Name an inhibitory substances that causes seed dormancy.
Q.9. Name the growth regulator which was first isolated from endosperm of maize.
Q.10. Mention the name of natural substances from which auxin was firstly isolated.
Q.11. Which fungus yields the gibberellins?
Q.12. State the environmental factor to which vernalization process is related.
Q.13. Which is the only one gaseous natural plant growth regulator?
Q.14. Which plant hormone induces flowering in long day plants under noninductive conditions?
Q.15. Which part of the plant perceives the light stimulus?
Q.16. What is the full form of IAA?
Q.17. Which hormone induces flowering in short day plants under long day
conditions?
Q.18. What will happen if there is more cytokinin than auxin in a tissue cu;lture of
callus?
Q.19. Name the hormone which plays an important role in flowering.
Q.20. Which growth regulator causes the elongation of stem of genetically dwarf
plant?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Is growth measurable? Explain.
Q.2. Define the term – Growth rate.
Q.3. Describe briefly about absolute and relative growth rates.
Q.4. What do you expect in the experiment when an agar block impregnated with
auxin from cut coleoptile tip of an oat seeding is placed laterally on another
decapitated oat coleoptile?
Q.5. Why do leaves shed seasonally?
Q.6. Describe how auxins are related with bending of shoot towards the source of
light?
Q.7. List any two inhibitory function of auxins.
Q.8. Write full form of 2, 4D. Also mention its two uses in the agriculture.
Q.9. Why do the gardeners prune the hedges?
Q.10. How did the discovery of Gibberellins occur?
Q.11. State any three functions of indole acetic acid in plants.
Q.12. What is boiling?
Q.13. How did the discovery of cytokinin occur?
Q.14 Why do cut leaves dipped in cytokinins stay green longer than the control
leaves?
Q.15. How did the discovery of cytokinin occur?
Q.16. Would you expect soyabean plants to flower if given a daily light exposure of 6
hours? Give reasons.
Q.17. Would you expect soyabean plants to flower if given a daily light exposure of
15 hours? Give reasons.
Q.18. Why is the term short day plants is misnomer? Give one example of short day
plants.
Q.19. Would a defoliated plant respond to photoperiodic cycle? Why?
Q.20. Which among the following is a long day plant? Why is it so called?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Enumerate the main features of plant growth.
Q.2. Describe briefly the various ways of measurement of growth.
Q.3. Explain briefly the growth curve?
Q.4. Write a short note on ‘development in plants’.
Q.5. What are the plant growth regulators (phytohormones)? Give their chemical
composition. Classify them on the basis of their functions.
Q.6. Define the term – Plasticity. Explain it by giving example.
Q.7. Where are auxins synthesized in plants? Mention any two of their functions?
Q.8. What are agricultural uses of gibberellins?
Q.9. What are the physiological function of ABA?
Q.10. What induces ethylene formation in plants? Give two different actions of
ethylene on plants.
Q.11. State any three effects of ethylene on plants.
Q.12. Describe briefly the effect of light on flowering?
Q.13. “The role of ethylene and abscisic acid is both positive and negative”. Justify
the statement.
Q.14. Distinguish between:
(a) Loug day and short day plants
(b) Phototropism and photoperiodism
Q.15. Give the important points of differences between potoperiodism and
vernalisation.
Q.16. Expain how it is possible that a short day plant and a long day plant growing
in the same location could flower on the same day of the year?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Explain the biological meaning of growth. In what essential ways does plant
growth differ from animal growth?
Q.2. What are the various phases of cellular growth in plants?
Describe each phase in brief.
Q.3. Describe briefly the various conditions that are necessary for growth.
Q.4. Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation,
dedifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate.
Q.5. Explain how the method of science operated in the discovery of auxins?
Q.6. What are the physiological functions of gibberellins?
Q.7. What are cytokinins? Enumerate the various physiological effects of cytokinins.
Q.8. Discuss the role of growth regulators in agriculture.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
UNIT-V
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER–16 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. A pig can munch and digest a tuber in the mouth while a cow can chew but
cannot digest it in the mouth. Why is it so?
Q.2. Name the food constituent to which bile helps to digest and absorb?
Q.3. Name the bile pigments.
Q.4. What is peristalsis?
Q.5. What is the composition of saliva?
Q.6. Where are aciner cells found?
Q.7. What is the function of parietal cells?
Q.8. Why are intestinal proteases secreted in an inactive form?
Q.9. Give the dental formula of man.
Q.10. State the function of odontoblast?
Q.11. State the function of mucin in saliva.
Q.12. State the function of villi.
Q.13. State the main function of bile?
Q.14. Name the food which bile helps to digest.
Q.15. Name the vestigial growth in the alimentary canal of man.
Q.16. Ptylin is a starch digesting……., secreted by……. Gland.
Q.17. State the anatomical locations of pancrease.
Q.18. What are chylomicrons?
Q.19. Where does the absorption of food occur in human alimentary canal?
Q.20. Where would you find crypts of lieberkuhn?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define nutrients. How do they help in well being of an organism?
Q.2. Name the various nutrients which are energetic in function. Also mention the
major food items in which these nutrients are found.
Q.3. Write down the human dental formula. What is meant by dophyodont and
thecodont?
Q.4. Name the cell that secretes mucus. What are the functions of mucus?
Q.5. What are crypts of Leiberkuhn?
Q.6. Why are protein digesting enzymes secreted in an inactive form?
Q.7. Name the source of trypsin and the food constituent which this enzyme
hydrolyses.
Q.8. How does liver serve both as a digestivre as well as an excretory organ?
Q.9. Describe the digestive role of chymotrypsin. Which two other digestive enzymes
of the same category are secreted by its source gland?
Q.10. How does intestinal juice contribute in the digestion of protein? What
provides alkaline pH in the small intestine?
Q.11. Name any two proteases in the pancreatic juice.What are their specific roles?
Q.12. Trypsin acts at an alkaline pH. What provides this alkalinity?Give two actions
of trypsin.
Q.13. How would digestion of food be affected if the bile duct is completely blocked?
Explain.
Q.14. Some nutrients are absorbed passively from the small intestine. State the two
conditions which make their passive absorption possible.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is digestion? Give the differences between intracellular and extra cellular
digestion.
Q.2. Mention the various types of teeth found in man.
Q.3. Describe briefly the structure of typical tooth.
Q.4. How does bile facilitate to the process of digestion in man?
Q.5. Write a short note on mobility of human gut.
Q.6. You had eaten boiled rice at lunch time. Make a list of enzymes it will be acted
upon and the changes it will undergo before being absorbed in the small intestine.
Q.7. What are the function of HCL in the stomach?
Q.8. Describe the process of digestion of protein in stomach.
Q.9. Describe the digestion of nucleic acids in the intestine.
Q.10. How are following enzymes activated in the alimentary canal?
(a) Pepsin
(b) Rennin
(c) Trypsin
Q.11. What is peristalsis? How does it help in digestion?
Q.12. What is absorption? State the role of villi in the absorption of food.
Q.13. What are microvilli? State their function.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe briefly the alimentary canal of man.
Q.2. Describe the histological structures of gut (alimentary canal).
Q.3. What are salivary glands? Describe briefly about its various types.
Q.4. What are the functions of liver?
Q.5. What is bile? Enumerate its various functions.
Q.6. How are polysaccharides and disaccharides digested?
Q.7. Describe the digestion of fats in the intestine.
Q.8. How would it affect the digestion of protein if there were a blockage in the
pancreatic duct?
Q.9. State the role of pancreatic juice in digestion of protein.
Q.10. What is passive and active absorption of food? Give the main differences
between theses two types.
Q.11. How is the digested fat absorbed?
Q.12. Write briefly about the process of egestion in human.
Q.13. Describe briefly the disorders of the digestive systems.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-17
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What prevents the collapsing of our trachea during breathing?
Q.2. Name the enzyme which acts on carbonic acid in living cells.
Q.3. What is residual volume? How much is it in a normal human adult?
Q.4. Deficiency inspiratory reserve volume.
Q.5. What is meant by residual volume with reference to breathing?
Q.6. Where is carbonic anhydrase found in the human body? Give its function.
Q.7. What is the site of gaseous exchange in an insect?
Q.8. What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?
Q.9. Define breathing.
Q.10. Name the double-walled sac, which covers the lungs in mammals.
Q.11. Which part(s) of the brain control(s) breathing movements?
Q.12. Which organelle in a cell is associated with the production of energy by
aerobic respiration?
Q.13. What is formed when CO2 combines with globin part of reduced
haemoglobin? Where does it occur?
Q.14. What is the role of oxyhaemoglobin after releasing molecular oxygen in the
tissue?
Q.15. What do you understand by ‘forceful expiration’?
Q.16. Name the respiratory organs of (i) butterfly and (ii) frog larva.
Q.17 How does diaphragm help in inspiration?
Q.18. How do frogs respire?
Q.19. The venous blood in the lung has a PCO2 of 46mm Hg. Should the alveolar
PCO2 exceed or be less than 46mm Hg to result in diffusion of CO2 from the blood
into the alveolus?
Q.20.What purpose does the pleural fluid serve?
Q.21.State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
Q.22. What is the effect of PCO2 on oxygen transport?
Q.23. Where is the respiratory rhythm centre located?
Q.24. What is tidal volume?
Q.25. What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen which one molecule of
haemoglobin can carry?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the differences between respiration and breathing?
Q.2. What are the differences between respiration and combustion?
Q.3. Name the respiratory organs in sponges, earthworms, insects, molluses, fishes
and mammals.
Q.4. What is the site of gaseous exchange in an insect?
Q.5. Contraction of inspiratory muscles causes inspiration while their realaxation
causes expiration. Why it is so?
Q.6. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Distinguish between :
(a) External respiration and internal respiration
(b) Inspiratory muscles and expiratory muscles
Q.2. How does respiration fulfil the energy requirement of an prganism?
Q.3. List the various steps involved in respiration.
Q.4. Define vital capacity. What is its significance?
Q.5. Distinguish between :
(a) IRV and ERV
(b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity
Q.6. What are requirements of a surface to be highly efficient for gaseous exchnge?
How has this efficiency increased from fish to mammals?
Q.7. Describe how the respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the
alveolar air.
Q.8. How does oxygenation of blood promote the release of CO2 from the blood in
the lungs?
Q.9. Have you heard about hypoxia? Try to gather information about it and discuss
with your friends.
Q.10. In what different eorms is the CO2 which is produced in the tissues
transported by the blood upto the lungs? Explain the steps of release of this CO2 in
to the lungs for exhalation.
OR
Explain how CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs by the erythrocytes.
OR
Explain how is CO2 carried in the blood and released in the lungs.
OR
What are major transport mechanisms for CO2? Explain.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What is respiration? Describe briefly various types of respirations.
Q.2. Describe the organs of respiration in man.
Q.3. Explain the process of inspiration under normal conditions.
Q.4. Why are erythrocytes able to carry out anaerobic metabolism only?
Q.5. Explain oxygen dissociation curve. List the various factors which result in
causing this curve.
Q.6. How is oxygen transported in blood and released in the tissues?
OR
Describe how our brain gets a continuous supply of oxygen from the atmosphere?
OR
How does haemoglobin help in the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues?
Q.7. Where is respiratory centre located? What is the effect of CO2 on the rate of
respiration?
OR
How is respiration regulated?
………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-18
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name the type of granulocytes that play an important role in detoxification.
Q.2. Name the type of granulocytes that are significant in allergic reations.
Q.3. Due to developmental abnormality, the wall of the left ventricle of an infant’s
heart is as thin as that of right ventricle. What would be its specific effect in
circulation of blood?
Q.4. What transmits the cardiac impulse from the atria to the ventricles?
Q.5. Why is SA-node called pacemaker?
Q.6. Which of the four chambers of the human heart has the thickest muscular
walls?
Q.7. Name one animal in which heart pumps only deoxygenated blood. How many
chambers do this heart wave?
Q.8. What is joint diastole?
Q.9. Where does the cardiac impulse originate?
Q.10. What causes the first heart sound?
Q.11. Why do we consider blood as a connective tissue?
Q.12. Why do we call our heart myogenic?
Q.13. Why are erythrocytes red in colour?
Q.14. Where are RBCs formed from,in an adult human?
Q.15. Name the leucocytes that are phagocytic.
Q.16. Name two substances/ chemicals secreted by basophils.
Q.17. Why is blood group AB called as universal recipient?
Q.18. Name the element involved in blood clotting.
Q.19. What is the average number of heart beats in a man?
Q.20. Write a full form of SAnode. What is its other name?
Q.21. What are Purkinje fibres?
Q.22. What is the duration of one cardiac cycle?
Q.23. What is coronary system in our circulation?
Q.24. Where is pericardial fluid present?
Q.25. What is the main symptom of heart failure?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the two heart sounds heard through the stethoscope when placed on
the chest? What produces them?
Q.2. Can all the four chambers of the human heart experience systole
simultaneously? Explain justifying your answer.
Q.3. How are the two heart sounds produced during cardiac cycle?
Which one of these is of longer duration?
Q.4. What is electrocardiogram? What do P and T waves represent in a normal
human electrocardiogram?
Q.5. Name the two heart sounds. How are these produced?
Q.6. Name the different types of granulocytes. Give the function of the one which
constitutes maximum percentage of the total leucocytes?
Q.7. Describe the condition termed atherosclerosis. How does it affect the body?
Q.8. Define a portal vein. Explain the functions of such a vein in our digestive
system.
Q.9. What is hepatic portal vein? Give its significance?
Q.10. What is meant by systole?
Q.11. What happens to the mitral valve and the related blood flow during
ventricular systole?
Q.12. What is meant by diastole?
Q.13. What happens to the valves and blood flow in the heart during ventricular
diastole?
Q.14. Name in a sequence the events of one complete heart beat.
Q.15. Where does cardiac impulse originate? How is it conducted to the rest of the
chambers?
Q.16. What kind of circulatory system do the molluses have? List the characteristics
of such a system.
Q.17. What is the name of straw coloured fluid left after clotting of blood? How is it
different from blood?
Q.18. Differentiation between opn and closed system of circulation?
Q.19. Write differences between systole and diastole.
Q.20 Define stroke volume. What is its value?
Q.21. Define a cardiac cycle and cardiac output?
Q.22. What is atherosclerosis? Describe.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is systemic circulation? Describe its importance. Why are the walls of the
ventricle more muscular than the walls of the atria?
Q.2. What is pulmonary circulation? Describe its importance. Why is the muscular
wall of the left ventricle thicker than that of thec right ventricle?
Q.3. What is SA node? Where is it located in the heart? Explain its function.
Q.4. Draw a labeled diagram to show the impulse conducting system in human
heart.
Q.5. Write the full form of ECG.What do the different waves of a normal ECG of a
human indicate?
Q.6. Name this Graphic display of a normal person. What do these Pwave, QRS
complex and T wave represent?
Q.7. Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right ventricular wall in
human heart?
Q.8. Describe the role of bicuspid valve in maintaining unidirectional flow of blood
in the heart.
Q.9. Why does lymph contain much less proteins than the blood plasma? Name the
two principal lymph vessels in humans.
Q.10. Plasma contains three classes of proteins. What are therse? Give their
functions.
Q.11. Where and from which cells do platelets originate? What is their life span?
Q.12. Explain the chemical events. What takew place to form a blood clot to seal the
wound.
Q.13. Explain briefly when exactly the two heart sounds are produced. Name the
instrument needed to hear these sounds.
Q.14. What is an open circulatiry system? Explain giving one example.
Q.15. What is meant by double circulation?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe step by step what happens in the different phase of cardiac cycle in
humans.
Q.2. Name the two heart sounds and mention when they are respectively produced
in the cardiac cycle.
Q.3. What is cardiac cycle? Explain the different steps involved in the pumping
action of the heart durig a single cardiac cycle.
Q.4. What are granulocytes? Name the different types of granulocytes in a normal
human and explain their functions.
Q.5. Explain the sequence of events that occur diring a cardiac cycle.
Q.6. Describe the sequence of events which occur in the cardiac cycle in humans.
Where and how are the sounds ‘lubb’ and ‘dupp’ produced in the heart during this
cycle.
Q.7. Answer thec following with reference to mammalian hear:
(i) What are SA and AV nodes? What are their functions.
(ii) Name the two heart sounds. How are they produced?
Q.8. What are two heart sounds?
Q.9. When and how are these sounds produced?
Q.10. Right ventricular wall is thinner than the left ventricular wall. Why so?
Q.11.What is lymph? How is it formed? Describe its circulation and mention its
major functions.
Q.12. Describe the evolutionary change in the pattern of heart among the
vertebrates.
CHAPTER-19 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR
ELIMINATION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Name the nitrogenous waste excreted in the larval and adult stages of frog
respectively.
Q.2. Why do sharks retain urea in their body fluids?
Q.3. How does a spark differ from a teleost fish in the chemical nature of the
nitrogenous excretory wastes?
Q.4.Glomerular filtrate hscwater, glucose, amino acids and creatinine. Which of
them are rapidly reabsorbed actively by blood?
Q.5. In which part of the nephron does filtration take place?
Q.6. What differences is observed in ascending and descevding limbs oh Henle’s
loop with reference to permeability to water?
Q.7. What happens to the walls of the distal convoluted tubule(DCT) of a nephron,
when vasopressin is released by the pituitary into the blood stream?
Q.8. How much is the filtering force required in the glomerulus?What is the nature
of filtrate in the PCT?
Q.9. Name the structures which help in excretion (i) tapeworm and (ii) earthworm.
Q.10. Besides water, name any two constituents of human sweat.
Q.11. How does the ascending limb of Henle’s loop differ from the descending
limb,with reference to its permeability to water?
Q.12. Define glomerular filteration rate(GFR).
Q.13. What is meant by the term Osmoregulation?
Q.14. What is micturition?
Q.15. What causes the release of ANF?
Q.16. What is micturition relex?
Q.17. How much urea is excreted in a day by a normal healthy human being?
Q.18. What is Ph of urine?
Q.19. Name two accessory excretory organs in man.
Q.20. What is uremia?
Q.21. What are renal calculi?
Q.22. What term is given to the inflammation of glomerulus in nephron?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. In what form do the terrestrial reptiles excrete their nitrogenous wastes?How is
this kind of excretion advantageous to the land vertebrates which lay shelied eggs?
Q.2. What happens to the walls of distal convoluted tubule(DCT) of a nephron?
When vasopressin is released by pituitary into the blood stream?
Q.3. An aquarium fish and a pigeon were fed on protein diet. In what different
forms would they excrete their nitrogenous wastes? Why do they excrete so
differently?
Q.4. A pigeon and a cat were fed on protein diet.To what different forms they
excrete nitrogeneous wastes? Why do they excrete so differently?
Q.5. What is the significance of frog’s tadpole being ammonotelic and tha adult frog
being uretolic?
Q.6. What is ureotelism? List its advantages over ammonotelism to the animals.
Q.7. Which is the chief nitrogeneous waste products in birds? Give two advantages
of this mode of excretion.
Q.8. Name the basic nitrogeneous catabolite of proteins produced in birds. In what
form is it eliminated from their body? What is the advantage of their type of
excretion?
Q.9. What are the two modes of tubular reabsorption from nephrons? Name the
substances absorbed by each of these modes?
Q.10. What is the chemical nature of the white solid materialk usually found in the
birds’ dropping? Name the organ where it is synthesized from the nitrogenous
catabolite.
Q.11. Describe the blood vessels called vasa rectae found in relation to uriniferous
tubules. What is their function?
Q.12. Name the passage in sequence through which urine passes from kidneys to the
outside in humans. How is urine prevented from flowing back into the ureters?
Q.13. Mention two advantages of unicotelism in birds.
Q.14. Mammals are ureotelic. What does this statement mean? State one advantage
of it?
Q.15. Mention any two characteristics of ammonia as a nitrogeneous metabolis
waste.Which of the following animal(s) is /are ammonotelic? Camel, Whale, Shark,
Frog.
Q.16. How is it advantageous for certain fishes to be ammonotelic?
Q.17. What are ammonotelic animals? Give two examples.
Q.18. What are ureotelic animals? Give two examples.
Q.19. Terristrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not
ammonotelic. Why?
Q.20. What is the significance of Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney
function?
Q.21. What is the role of liver in excretion?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe the location of juxtaglomerular apparatus in human kidney.
Q.2. Explain briefly how mictirution is a reflex process; but is also under some
voluntary control.
Q.3. Where and how is urea produced in ureotelic animals? What happens to the
kidney failure in descending loop of Henle and collecting tubules in humans.
Q.4. Why is glomerular filtrate hypertonic and hypotonic in the descending and
ascending limbs of loop of Henle respectively? What is the effect of ADH on
collecting ducts?
Q.5. Explain how the counter-current systems contribute to concentrating urine in
human kidney.
Q.6. ‘Uricotelism is advantageous to the land vertebrates who lay shelled eggs’.
Discuss giving reason.
Q.7. Name the two structural components of renal tubule responsible for
concentration of urine. Explain the mechanism.
Q.8. Draw a labeled sketch of the human urinary system, with its associated blood
vessels.
Q.9. Draw a sketch ofshowing gross anatomy of human kidney along with the main
blood vessels entering and leaving it. Label any six parts.
Q.10. Describe glomerular filtration in human nephrons.
Q.11. In what forms are nitrogenous wastes excreted in birds, humans and fishes
respectively? Why do they do so differently?
Q.12. How does liver serve both as a digestive as well as an excretory organ?
Q.13. What is the full form of ADH?How does it control osmoregulation in human
kidney?
Q.14. Name a ureotelic animal. Why is it called so? How is this type of excretion
advantageous to the animal?
Q.15. What is the basic catabolite of proteins? In what different forms is it excreted
in sharks, whales and land snakes?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Draw a labeled diagram of the human urinary system along with the main
associated blood vessels. Also explain the autoregulatory mechanism of GFR.
Q.2. (a) How do liver and skin act as accessory excretory organs?
(b) Where does ultra-filtration occur in human body? Explain the process.
Q.3. (a) Explain the process of reabsorption in the nephron, during urine formation
in humans.
(b) Why is kidney called as osmoregulator?
Q.4. Explain the mechanism of counter current in the vasa rectae. Give its main
role.
Q.5. Write short notes on;
(a) Dialysis (b) Renal calculi (c) Glomerulonephritis
Q.6. What is kidney transplantation? Why does a body reject a transplanted
kidney?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-20
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name the heaviest and the longest bone in the human body.
Q.2. What is the total number of bones in the left pectoral girdle and the left arm
respectively in a normal human body?
Q.3. What causes gouty arthritis in human?
Q.4. What is the function of myoglobin?
Q.5. Name any two contractile proteins of the thin filaments of a muscle fibre.
Q.6. List two examples of ball and socket joint found in our body.
Q.6. Which type of cartilage is present between vertebrae to allow limited
movement?
Q.7. Name the type of joint which permits movements in a single plane only.
Q.8. Name the compound concerned with the storage of oxygen in vertebrate
muscles.
Q.9. What lubricates the freely movable joint at the shoulder?
Q.10. Name the functional contractile unit of a muscle.
Q.11. Name the cavity in the girdle in to which the head of femur fits.
Q.12. What is a fibrous joint?
Q.13. Why are striated muscles called skeletal muscles?
Q.14. Where is a Z-line located in a sarcomere?
Q.15. Why are smooth muscles called visceral muscles?
Q.16. Name the chemical that causes fatigue.
Q.17. What is H-zone in a sarcomere ?
Q.18. What are neuromuscular junctions?
Q.19. Name two sites in our body where ciliary movement is seen.
Q.20. Name two type of cells in human body that show amoeboid movement.
Q.21.What is pubic symphysis ?
Q.22. How many bones make up a coxal bone?
Q.23. What is acromian?
Q.24. Why are the ribs called bicephalic?
Q.25. Name the genetic disorder in which there is progressive degradation of
skeletal muscles.
Q.26. Name the auto-immune disorder in which there is weakening and paralysis of
the muscles.
Q.27. What is sternum?
Q.28. Name the single U-shaped bone present at the base of buccal cavity.
Q.29. How many cranial bones and how many facial bones are present in human
body?
Q.30. Name the monomers of the myosin.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Explain a synovial joint.
Q.2. What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
Q.3. Why can a red muscle fibre work for a orolonged period, while a white muscle
fibre suffers from fatigue soon?
Q.3. Which type of skeletal muscle is used for movement for longer duration at a
stretch without fatigue and why?
Q.4. What is osteoporosis? Name two factors which are responsible for osteosis.
Q.5. List any four functions of skeleton in higher animals.
Q.6. Give two differences other than colour between white and red muscle fibres.
Q.7. What makes the synovial joints freely movable? List any four types of synovial
joints.
Q.8. Mention four special properties of muscles.
Q.9. Differentiate between skeletal and cardiac muscles.
Q.10. What name is given to the bones of palm? How many of them are present in
one palm?
Q.11. What is sarcoplasmic reticulum? What is its function?
Q.12. How many ribs are called the true ribs ? Describe them.
Q.13. Describe the vertebro-chondral ribs.
Q.14. What are A-band and I-band made of respectively?
Q.15. What are floating ribs? How many of them are there in your body?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Explain giving one example of each, the three types of joints in human skeleton
based on the capacity of movement.
Q.2. What is the role of calcium ions, troponin and F-action during contraction in
striate muscles of humans?
Q.3. What is the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin head and F-action during
contraction in striated muscle of humans?
Q.4. Name the category of bones forming the rib cage. How are these articulated to
each other to form the cage?
Q.5. Explain the initiation of muscle contraction. What is the role of sarcoplasmic
reticulum, myosin head and F-action during contraction in striated muscles?
Q.6. How many vertebrae in all, do we have? Categories them on the basis of their
location giving the specific number in each category?
Q.7. What are the three types of muscle tissue? Write two characteristic points
about the structure of each of them?
Q.8. Represent diagrammatically a sarcomere and label its parts. Which of these
parts shorten during muscle contraction?
Q.9. Draw a labeled diagram showing the electron microscopic structure of a
myofibril.
Q.10. Name the type of joint between the following:
(i) atlas/axis
(ii) carpal/metacarpal oh thumb
(iii) between phalanges
(iv) femur/acetabulum
(v) between cranial bones.
Q.11. Name the different bones of forebimb and their number in our body.
Q.12. Name any three disorders related to bones and describe them.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Explain the sliding filament theory of the mechanism of muscle contraction.
Q.2. Described the detailed structure of skeletal muscle. Name its two types and
mention two differences between them.
Q.3. Explain in detail the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
Q.4. Describe in detail the structure of an action filament along with a diagram.
Q.5. Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction by sliding filament theory.
Q.6.Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true.
(i) Action is present in thin filament.
(ii) H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filament.
(iii) Human skeleton has 206 bones.
(iv) There are 11 pairs of ribs in man.
Q.7.Draw a diagram of human skull and label ten parts in it.
Q.8. Name the different types of synovial joints and give an example of each.
………………………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER-21 NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1 Write one function of limbic system in human brain.
Q.2. What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?
Q.3. W2hich type of neurons are found in the ventral root of a spinal nerve?
Q.4. Where exactly are synaptic vesicles located? What is their role?
Q.5. What is threshold stimulus for a nerve cell?
Q.6. What is salutatory conduction of the nerve impulse?
Q.. Name the two parts with which the ear bone stapes is attached at its opposite
ends.
Q.8. Name the band of nerve fibres that joins the cerebral hemispheres in mammals
Q.9. Name the chemical which helps in transmitting nerve impulse at the synaose.
Q.10. Name the fluid in which the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear floats.
Q.11. Name the area of retina which contains only cones and no rods.
Q.12. Give the technical name of the auditory ossicles in their natural sequence.
Q.13. Why is blindspot devoid of the ability for vision?
Q.14. How do you call the conduction of impulse along a myelinated nerve fibre?
Q.15. Which part of the human brain is the most developed?
Q.16. Which part of the central nervous system acts as a master clock?
Q.17. How does the eye regulate the amount of light that falls on the retina?
Q.18. Which part of our ear determines the pitch of a sound?
Q.19. What is the function of Eustachian tube?
Q.20. What is macula?
Q.21. What is crista ampullaris?
Q.22. What is ciliary body in the eye?
Q.23. Name the fluid in the membranous labyrinth.
Q.24. Why are neurons excitable?
Q.25. What are nodes of Ranvier?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1 Why are gray matter and white matter contained in human nervous system
named so?
Q.2. Explain any two functions of cerebrospinal fluid in humans.
Q.3. Name and differentiate between two types of synapses.
Q.4. Name the ear ossicles in the order of arrangement in humans. What role do
they play in hearing?
Q.5. What is blind spot? Why is it so named?
Q.6. Describe the location and the role of ciliary body in human eye.
Q.7. What happens when the membrane of nerve cell carries out a sodium pump?
Q.8. Where precisely is the fluid called aqueous humor found in our body? Give its
one function?
Q.9. Where exactly is vitreous humor found I our body? What is its function?
Q.10.Name the tube that links the middle ear cavity to the pharynx. What is the
purpose of this condition?
Q.11. Explain the structural and functional significance of fovea in human eye.
Q.12. Describe the main steps involved in perceiving sound in humans.
Q.13. What are the events that take place at the point of stimulation of an axon?
Q.14. Describe the components of the nervous system of an insect?
Q.15. Compare the Central Nervous System(CNS) and Peripheral Nervous
System(PNS)?
Q.16. Distinguish between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.
Q.17. Distinguish between somatic and automatic nervous system.
Q.18. What are Schwann cells? What is their function?
Q.19. Distinguish between cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
Q.20. Differentiate between myelinated and non-myelinated axons.
Q.21. Differentiate between dendrites and axons.
Q.22. Explain the role of Na+ in the generation of action potential.
Q.23. Differentiate between thalamus and hypothalamus.
Q.23. Compare coroid and retina.
Q.24. Differentiate between rods and cones.
Q.25. How do you perceive the colour of object?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Mention where the following are located in human brain and give one function
of each:
(i) Temporal lobe
(ii) Cerebellum
(iii) Corpus callosum
Q.2. Give the location and the function in the human eye, of the following:
(i) Cornea
(ii) Iris
(iii) Vitreous humor
Q.3. What is cerebrospinal fluid? Explain any four of its functions.
Q.4. Draw the diagram of transverse section of the spinal cord showing refax arc
and label the following parts:
(i) Afferent nerve fibre
(ii) Motor nerve fibre
(iii) Gray matter
Q.5. Draw a labeled diagram of neuron with myelinatd axon.
Q.6. Name the organ in which the part called scala media is located. Describe the
structure and function of this part.
Q.7. Draw a vertical section of human eye and labels any six parts through which
light rays pass before forming an image on retina?
Q.8. Where are synaptic vesicles found? Name their chemical contents? What is the
function of these contents?
Q.9. Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of human ear in sectional view.
Q.10. Describe briefly the structure of parts of human internal ear involved in
hearing.
Q.11. Explain briefly the structure and function of human middle ear.
Q.12. Draw a labeled diagram of neuron.
Q.13. Explain the polarization of the membrane of a nerve fibre.
Q.14. Explain the depolarization of the membrane of a nerve fibre.
Q.15. Draw a labeled diagram of the brain.
Q.16. Write short notes on midbrain.
Q.17. Write short notes on hindbrain.
Q.18. Write short notes on retina.
Q.19. Write short note on cochlea.
Q.20. Describe the vestibular apparatus and its function.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Draw a schematic labeled diagram to show the local circuit produced in the
myelinated axon showing salutatory conduction. Indicate by arrows the direction of
current flow and movements of ions.
Q.2. Draw the basic structure of a neural synapse and label the following parts in
the presynaptic cell, post synaptic-cell, vesicles, neurotransmitter, receptor, synaptic
cleft.
Q.3. Give any two differences between chemical synapses and electrical synapses.
Q.4. Draw a diagram of the internal view of human middle ear and cochlea. Label
any ten part in it.
Q.5. Draw a section of the microscopic structure of human retina and label any six
parts in it.
Q.6. Name the structure that determines the eye colour in humans. What is the
normal function of microscopic structure?
Q.7. Name the point of sharpest vision and the point of no vision in human eye.
Q.8. Taking any one example, describe the functioning of the various components of
a spinal reflex arc.
Q.9. Draw a labeled diagram of the T.S of spinal cord along with the schematic
representation of the nerve pathway in the knee-jerk reflex arc.
Q.10. What is a synapse? How is the nerve impulse transmitted across a chemical
synapse?
Q.11. Draw a diagram pf the vertical section of human eye and label any six parts
surrounding the vitreous chamber.
Q.12. Name the photoreceptors of the retina. How are they functionally different?
Q.13. Write a short note on forebrain.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER-22 CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND
INTEGRATION
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. What happens to the glycogen concentration in the liver cells, when the
concentration of adrenaline in the blood stream increases?
Q.2. If for any reason, the release of ADH is inhibited, how will this affect the
volume of urine produced?
Q.3. What stimulates the secretion of parathormone?
Q.4. Name one mineralocorticoid?
Q.5. Why is oxytocin called as (birth hormone)?
Q.6. Which of the following secretes a hormone? Name the hormone secreted?
(i) Spleen
(ii) Testis
(iii) Tonsils
Q.7. Name the two hormones of pancreatic islets.
Q.8. Deficiency of which hormone leads to diabetes mellitus?
Q.9. Name the neurohormone which inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from
anterior pituitary.
Q.10. Which is the source of aldosterone?
Q.11. Which gland secretes glucagons?
Q.12. Name one disorder caused by hyperfunctioning of pituitary.
Q.13. Which gland secretes somatostatin?
Q.14. Where is hormone vasopressin (ADH) synthesized?
Q.15. Name the hormone whose deficiency causes diabetes insipidus.
Q.16. Name the hormone that influences the secretion of estrogen.
Q.17. Name the hormone secreted from the outermost cellular layer of adrenal
cortex.
Q.18. What are endocrine glands?
Q.19. Write the expanded form of ADTH.
Q.20. Which hormone is known as ‘birth hormone’?
Q.21. Define glycogenesis.
Q.22. What name is given to the hormones secreted by liver?
Q.23. Name the endocrine part of pancreas.
Q.24. Name the bone cavity in which pituitary gland is lodged?
Q.25. Name the kind of cells which secrete testosterone.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name the gland that functions as a biological clock in our body. Where is this
gland located? Name its one secretion.
Q.2. Explain how the hormones glucagons and insulin are antagonistic to each other
in their action.
Q.3. Name the source gland of luteinising hormone (LH). Mention the other
hormone along with which it acts on its target cells/organ. Give their two functions.
Q.4. What is cretinism? Give its any two causes?
Q.5. Name the disorders caused due to under-secretion and over-secretion of insulin
respectively in humans. Mention their symptoms.
Q.6. A person is suffering from calcium deficiency inspite of taking a calcium-rich
diet.Explain how this condition may have occurred.
Q.7. Where is thymus glalocated in the human body? Describe its role.
Q.8. What causes cretinism?Mention any two outwardly visible symptoms of this
condition?
Q.9. Explain the hormonal basis of:
(i) diabetes mellitus
(ii) diabetes insipidus
Q.10. Name the two hormones secreted from the follicles of thyroid. Mention one
symptom of hypothyroidism and name the disorder.
Q.11. What happens to the walls of distal convoluted tubule( DCT) of a nephron,
when vasopressin is released by pituitary into the blood stream?
Q.12. How does insulin act on high glucose content in the blood in a normal human
body?
Q.13. What is corpus luteum? How does it function as an endocrine gland?
Q.14. Name the ovarian hormones and give the functions of any one of them.
Q.15. Name the gland secretes vasopressin.What are its two principal actions?
Q.16. Match the columns:
COLUMN I
COLUMN II
(i) T4
(a) Hypothalamus
(ii) PTH
(b) Thyroid
(iii) GnRH
(c) Pituitary
(iv) LH
(d) Parathyroid
Q.17. Give examples of:
(i) Hyperglycemic hormone and hypoglycemic hormone
(ii) Androgens and estrogens
Q.18. What are gonadotropins? Name them.
Q.19. What is an endocrine system? Mention its components.
Q.20. Name any four peptide hormones.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. List any three disorders resulting from malfunctioning of thyroid gland.
Describe the symptoms and the cause of any one of them.
Q.2. Name the hormones and their source gland cells, which are involved in the
regulation of blood glucose level in humans. Explain how they act antagonistically.
Q.3. Due to some physiological reasons, the blood glucose level of an otherwise
normal person has shot up above normal. How will this condition be returned to
normal through hormone action?
Q.4. Name the T3 and T4 components of the thyroid hormone. Explain their specific
action.
Q.5. Name the hormone that controls the permeability to water of the distal tubule
and collecting tubule of the nephorn. Name its source. How does this hormone
control the water content of human body?
Q.6. Write the full form of ADH and describe how it affects the functioning of
kidney tubules.
Q.7. Give the full form of FSH. Name the gland that secretes it. How does it differ in
its function in a male and a female? What stops its secretion in a female?
Q.8. Name the principal mineral corticoid secreted by adrenal cortex. What
stimulates its secretion? Give it’s any two functions. What is the disorder caused due
to excessive secretion of this hormone?
Q.9. Give the full form of GH. Name the gland that secretes it. Mention its any two
functions. Name the hormone that inhibits the secretion of GH. Name the disorder
that is caused due to failure of secretion of GH.
Q.10. Name the two types of hormones secreted by thyroid glands in humans?
Q.11. Name two disorders, along with one main symptom to each, caused due to the
deficiency of thyroid hormones.
Q.12. Briefly describe the mechanism of action of FSH.
Q.13. Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following”
(i) Diabetes mellitus
(ii) Goitre
(iii) Cretinism.
Q.14. What are hormone receptors? Describe their two kinds and mode of action.
Q.15. Expand ANF. Where is it secreted from? When is its function?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. List any five hormones secreted by adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary).
Mention principal action of each hormone and its target organ.
Q.2. Name a glands in humans acting both as endocrine and exocrine. Mention the
three endocrine secretions from this gland giving two principal actions of each
secretion.
Q.3. Name the hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary. Mention two functions
of each. Where are these hormones actually produced?How are they transported to
the region from which theyv are released.
Q.4. List any five pirincilal hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary. Mention
one function of each of these hormones.
Q.5. List the different groups of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex. Give their
chemical nature, specific region of secretion and one major function of each. What
would happen to the animal, if adrenal cortex is destroyed?
Q.6. Name the hormones that regulates each of the following and mention the source
of it:
(i) Urinary elimination of water
(ii) Storage of glucose as glycogen
(iii) Basal metabolic rate
(iv) Descent of testes into scrotum
(v) Heart beat and blood pressure
(vi) Secretion of growth hormone
(vii) Milk secretion
Q.7. Name the hormones secreted by gastro-intestinal tract and mention their
functions. What are they chemically?
Q.8. Fill in the blanks:
Hormones
Target gland
(i) Hypothalamic hormones
…………………………
(ii) Thyrotropin (TSH)
…………………………
(iii) Corticotropin (ACTH)
…………………………
(iv) Melanotropin (MSH)
…………………………