Download 101 Objectives

Biological Molecules
After attending the lectures and completing the lab Identification of Biological Molecules, you should be
able to
1) explain, using examples, the formation of a macromolecule, or polymer, by a dehydration
synthesis reaction.
2) explain, using examples, the disassembly, or digestion of a macromolecule by a hydrolysis
reaction.
3) name the monomers used, functions of, and provide examples from each of the four major
groups of macromolecules studied in this section. This includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids.
4) pick out the sugar molecules from a list of organic molecules by their '-ose' endings.
5) use the following terms properly
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Starch
Glycogen
Glycerol
Triglyceride
Fatty acid
Steroids
Cholesterol
Amino acids
Dipeptide
Enzyme
Polypeptide
Double helix
6) distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
7) discuss the special nature of phospholipds and why they are excellent building materials for the
membranes of cells.
8) explain how more than 200,000 proteins in the human body can be made from only 20 amino
acids.
9) distinguish between the primary (1o), secondary (2o), tertiary (3o), and quaternary (4o) levels
of protein structure.
10) be able to explain why the shape of a protein determines its function.
11) list the three components of nucleotides
12) know what DNA and RNA stand for. What does each do?
Critical Thinking Questions:
13) A man on a very low-fat diet is trying to get his cholesterol down to zero. Why is this an
undesirable and impossible goal?
14) What foods in your diet give you energy? What foods supply your body with the materials for
synthesizing its own lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates?
15) Go to the grocery store and read the labels on various margarines. Do any of these use the term
"hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated' unsaturated oil? What is the difference between this
margarine and a saturated fat? To limit your saturated fat intake, which margarine would you
choose?
Cell Structure and Function
After attending all the lectures and completing the lab Cells and Their Membranes, you should be able to
1) explain how advances in microscope technology have allowed us to improve our knowledge of
cells.
2) compare and contrast cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes and give examples of
each.
3) explain why cells are small.
4) describe the basic differences and similarities between typical plant and animal cells.
5) describe the following structures and their functions:
Cilium/flagellum
Microvilli
Plasma membrane
Nuclear envelope
Cristae/matrix
Nucleus
Centriole
Nucleolus
Cytoskeleton
Golgi body
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Chloroplast
Chromosome
Gene
Ribosome
Central vacuole
Smooth E.R.
Rough E.R.
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Endosymbiont theory
6) define or briefly describe the following terms:
Cell theory
Organelle Surface area to volume ratio
Endomembrane system
Critical Thinking Questions:
7) A man's body is found floating in the Lackawanna River. The water in the river has been tested
and has the same osmotic concentration as human body fluids. During the autopsy, it is
discovered that the man's lungs are filled with water and the lung cells are swollen and enlarged.
From the evidence presented, which of the following conclusions would be supported?
a. The man drowned in the river.
b. The man drowned in a fresh water swimming pool and was moved to the river.
c. The cause of the death was not drowning.
d. There is not enough information provided to draw any of these conclusions.
8) Infrequently individuals are born with cell organelles that do not function properly resulting in
various disorders. Give an example of a disease that is caused by a malfunctioning organelle.
How Cells Work
After attending all the lectures and successfully completing the lab, Cells and Their Membranes, you
should be able to
1) describe the structure of the cell membrane/plasmalemma according to the fluid mosaic model.
2) describe the ways in which materials enter and leave cells. Bee sure to include diffusion,
osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, facilitated
diffusion, etc.
3) define or characterize the following terms:
Lipid bilayer
Concentration gradient
Net movement
Equilibrium
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Differentially permeable (=semipermeable)
Carrier molecules
4) discuss the molecular collision theory that describes how all molecules are vibrating and
colliding; how is this the driving force behind diffusion and osmosis? What factors will cause
diffusion to go faster or slower?
5) discuss and describe the endosymbiont hypothesis and its implications in evolution.
6) explain the role of glycoproteins and glycolipids in acting as cellular identification cards.
7) distinguish between 'self' and 'non-self'.
Critical Thinking Questions:
1) Fetal cells are considered more desirable for use in certain transplants than fully differentiated
and developed tissues. Why? What are the possible ethical questions involved in using fetal
cells? Do you favor research in this area?
2) Recently some animals have been engineered to make organs suitable for transplant into humans.
What do you think was changed in these animal's tissues to make them acceptable donors? Is
there a difference in using animals for donor organs as opposed to a food source? Why or why
not?
Cellular Respiration
After attending all the lectures you should be able to:
1) write a general word equation that describes what goes o in cellular respiration.
2) describe the structure of the organelle that is the most important part of the cell dealing with
cellular respiration and energy production.
3) discuss the several different metabolic pathways that cells might take to yield useful energy in the
form of ATP, e.g., aerobic, anaerobic, alcoholic fermentation.
4) define or characterize the following terms:
Mitochondrion
Metabolism
Calorie
Calorie
Metabolic pathway
ATP/ADP
Alcoholic fermentation
Glycolysis
Electron transport chain
Lactic acid fermentation
Kreb's cycle
Oxygen debt
5) describe which types of organisms use which type of metabolic pathway. What type(s) are
humans capable of carrying out? Which pathway produces the most energy in the form of ATP
molecules, and the least harmful byproducts?
6) describe the differences in how an 'in-shape' athlete and a couch potato would produce and use
energy if they were both running in a one mile race.
7) describe how certain poisons like carbon monoxide and cyanide can kill
8) discuss the structure of ATP, the only substance that you can use directly for energy.