Download Figure 1.

Evolution across
generations
Development
across the life span
Genes
Trait
Genes
Fitness
Environment
Trait
Socialization
Biology
Genes &
Gene
Expression
Trait
Selection &
Shaping
Biology
Genes &
Gene
Expression
Behaviour
Environment
States
Trait
Behaviour
Environment
States
Figure 1. Hybrid Socio-Genomic Model Of Personality And Evo-Devo/Niche Construction
Model developed from Laland et al. (2011) and Roberts and Jackson (2008).
Frequency of the Behaviour
Figure 2. Phenotype and Phenotypic Expression
The mean behaviour
(Referred to as Personality or
Typical Performance)
Variation (Referred to as
Trait Expression,
Potential for Adaptability)
The Extent that the Behaviour is Indicative of the
Personality Trait
Frequency of the Behaviour
Figure 3. Phenotype and Phenotypic Expression As a
Function of High and Low Trait Scores
Low on the Psychometric
Assessment of Trait X
High on the Psychometric
Assessment of Trait X
The Extent that the Behaviour is Indicative of the
Personality Trait