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Ch. 5 Reconstruction
I. Reconstruction (1865-1877)
A. Federal Government
1. Repair the damages to the South from the Civil War
2. Restore the southern states to the Union
B. Southern Hardships
1. Black Southerners – 4 Million freed people in a region
with slow economic activity. (Freedmen)
2. Plantation Owners
a. Lost slave labor worth about $3 billion.
b. Federal government seized $100 million in southern
plantations and cotton.
3. Poor White Southerners – Could not find work because
of new competition from freedmen.
C. Abraham Lincoln
1. “States did not secede”
2. Pardon/Amnesty – Offered an official forgiveness of a crime
to any Confederate in return for:
a. Oath of allegiance to the Union
b. Accept a ban on slavery.
3. No Pardons for:
a. Confederate military and government officials
b. Southerners who killed African American prisoners
of war.
4. State Conventions:
a. Draft new state constitution, which included the
ban on slavery
b. Ten Percent Rule: 10% of state population must
take loyalty oath.
5. After New Constitutions
a. Elections
b. Allowed to participate in the Union
6. Additional Points
a. Lincoln did not require new constitution’s to
include voting rights for blacks
b. Secession was unconstitutional, no need to
“readmit” southern states.
D. Radical Republicans
1. Key Issue: Civil War was fought over slavery
2. View on Reconstruction
* Total restructuring of society to guarantee black people
true equality*
3. Reaction to Lincoln’s Plan
a. Too soft on the South
b. Passed Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
1. Tougher Reconstruction bill
2. Reconstruction run by Congress
3. Ex-Confederates – oath of past and future loyalty
to the Union (Majority of men)
4. Military and political leaders are disenfranchised.
5. Slavery Abolished
c. Pocket Veto
1. President does not sign or reject a bill in the given
time period.
2. No action kills the bill.
3. Congress will not be in session to override the
pocket veto.
E. Lincoln’s Assassination:
1. April 14, 1865 – Washington D.C.
2. Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
3. New President : Andrew Johnson (from South - TN)
a. Radicals hoped he would be strict
b. Southerners looked for help
F. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
1. Pardons to former Confederates who will take the oath of
loyalty.
2. State Conventions:
a. Amend current constitution
3. Land and Political rights given back to Southerners
4. Many Southern leaders returned to Congress
G. Problems: Johnson vs. Congress
1. Congressional Elections 1866
a. Johnson hopes to place supporters in Congress and
defeat the Radicals.
b. Radicals win a large victory
2. Civil Rights Act of 1866
a. Radicals passed law to protect the rights of Freedmen.
*Reaction to Black Codes
b. Johnson’s reaction
*Blacks not qualified for citizenship
*”Operates in favor of the colored and against the
white race”
c. Johnson Veto
d. Congress overrides the presidential veto.
3. Reconstruction Act 1867
a. Johnson vetoed, veto overridden
b. 10 Confederate States divided into 5 military districts
*Police Power
*Register new, loyal voters
*New governments, state constitutions
*Grant Universal suffrage
4. Limits on the President
a. Army Appropriations Act
*President/Secretary of State must give orders to
Southern states through General of Army U.S. Grant.
b. Tenure of Office Act
*Officeholders appointed by President must serve
until Senate has approved replacement.
* Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
*His right as Commander-In-Chief to fire Stanton
H. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
1. Johnson tested the constitutionality of the Tenure of Office
Act.
2. Fired Stanton and appoints another Secretary
3. Congress refused to approve of Stanton’s removal
4. Impeach: to charge a government official with wrongdoing
in office.
5. Republican majority in the House vote to impeach Johnson.
6. Needed 2/3 of Senate to convict and remove
7. Johnson acquitted by one vote
I. Reconstruction Legislation
1. Freedmen’s Bureau
a. Provide relief supplies and transportation for Freedmen
b. First education for many blacks.
c. First major federal relief agency in US History
2. Black Codes
a. Southern whites attempted to control freedom of
blacks.
b. Curfews
c. Vagrancy Laws: had to work
d. Restricted activities of Freedmen
e. Purpose: Freed people continue to be dependable
source of labor.
3. Civil War Amendments
a. 13th Amendment (1865)
*Free all slaves in the United States
b. 14th Amendment (1866)
*All persons born or naturalized in the US= citizen
*South must enfranchise all male citizens or lose
representation
c. 15th Amendment (1870)
*No citizen may be denied the right to vote due to
race, color, or previous condition of servitude
*Did not give women the right to vote.
J. Klan and Reaction
1. Ku Klux Klan
a. Founded in Pulaski, TN.
b. Wanted to eliminate the Republican Party from the
South.
c. Wanted to keep African-Americans In the role of
submissive laborers.
d. Used intimidation and violence
*Terrorist action, burning, lynching
2. Enforcement Act of 1870
a. Banned the use of terror, force, and bribery to prevent
people from voting.
b. Strengthened military protection of voters and voting
places.
K. Election and Compromise
1. Election of 1876
a. Republican – Rutherford B. Hayes
b. Democrat- Samuel Tilden
c. Both sides claimed victory in four states.
d. Controversy to be decided by the House of Reps.
2. Compromise of 1877
a. Republicans
*Hayes President
b. Democrats
*Removal of troops from southern states
*$ to rebuild the South
-Levees on Miss. River
-Railroad system
*Regained control over Southern politics
*Ended Reconstruction
Recreate the chart “Successes and Failures of Reconstruction” on
page 221 in your notes.