Preference for and learning of amino acids in larval
... unexpectedly, weak to moderate aversion was observed. Thus, there did not appear to be a general profile of liked, and disliked, amino acids. Across the three above-described experiments, the preference scores were not consistently different between essential and non-essential amino acids when teste ...
... unexpectedly, weak to moderate aversion was observed. Thus, there did not appear to be a general profile of liked, and disliked, amino acids. Across the three above-described experiments, the preference scores were not consistently different between essential and non-essential amino acids when teste ...
Preference for and learning of amino acids in larval
... and the learning of, all 20 canonical amino acids, including those classified as essential for egg-production in adult Drosophila (Sang and King, 1961). Larvae are the feeding and growth stages of holometabolous insects, and as such lend themselves to studies of chemosensory behaviour (Gerber and St ...
... and the learning of, all 20 canonical amino acids, including those classified as essential for egg-production in adult Drosophila (Sang and King, 1961). Larvae are the feeding and growth stages of holometabolous insects, and as such lend themselves to studies of chemosensory behaviour (Gerber and St ...
A STUDY OF THE AMINO ACIDS ASSOCIATED WITH OVALBUMIN
... this conclusion on the observation that: Ovalbumin that had bonded 1-Ci^-glycine at pH = 7.2, loses, on action of ninhydrin, about 20% of radioactive carboxyIs. Treatment with ninhydrin of protein that had bonded l-C-'-^glycine at pH = 7.8, results in loss of about 50% of radioactive carboxyls. Thus ...
... this conclusion on the observation that: Ovalbumin that had bonded 1-Ci^-glycine at pH = 7.2, loses, on action of ninhydrin, about 20% of radioactive carboxyIs. Treatment with ninhydrin of protein that had bonded l-C-'-^glycine at pH = 7.8, results in loss of about 50% of radioactive carboxyls. Thus ...
Calculation of hydrophobicities
... Otherwise, the frequency of amino acids can be (a) a naturally occurring frequency, e.g. in all organisms (a1), eukaryotes (a2), prokaryotes (a3), etc. or (b) the actual frequency of amino acids on the protein studied, e.g. (b1) according to sequence of amino acids (can be taken from pdb file); (b2) ...
... Otherwise, the frequency of amino acids can be (a) a naturally occurring frequency, e.g. in all organisms (a1), eukaryotes (a2), prokaryotes (a3), etc. or (b) the actual frequency of amino acids on the protein studied, e.g. (b1) according to sequence of amino acids (can be taken from pdb file); (b2) ...
Estimation of the dietary essential amino acid requirements
... composition (Mitchell, 1950), the ideal protein concept that uses the relationships of each essential amino acid profile in relation to lysine has been developed as a basis to formulate diets for fish (Furuya et al., 2004a; Kaushik & Seiliez, 2010; NRC, 2011). The advantage of this concept is that i ...
... composition (Mitchell, 1950), the ideal protein concept that uses the relationships of each essential amino acid profile in relation to lysine has been developed as a basis to formulate diets for fish (Furuya et al., 2004a; Kaushik & Seiliez, 2010; NRC, 2011). The advantage of this concept is that i ...
Screening the Incorporation of Amino Acids into an Inorganic
... powder, prepared under the same conditions as the other powders of the same batch, without done with it. We divided the amino acids the addition of aspartic acid. b) HRXRD peak evolution of calcite (104) obtained from a solution containing 3 mg/ml Asp, after isochronous annealing up to 500 °C. In vi ...
... powder, prepared under the same conditions as the other powders of the same batch, without done with it. We divided the amino acids the addition of aspartic acid. b) HRXRD peak evolution of calcite (104) obtained from a solution containing 3 mg/ml Asp, after isochronous annealing up to 500 °C. In vi ...
Akashi_Gojobori.PNAS02
... in the synthesis of the protein would render the substitution neutral in the broader sense of the organism’s integrated functioning. The substituted amino acid must be present within the cell in equivalent quantity compared with the original amino acid and, indeed, its synthesis or derivation from o ...
... in the synthesis of the protein would render the substitution neutral in the broader sense of the organism’s integrated functioning. The substituted amino acid must be present within the cell in equivalent quantity compared with the original amino acid and, indeed, its synthesis or derivation from o ...
The Origin of the Genetic Code
... (4) The 20 amino acids are not distributed at random among the 64 triplets. In fact, several rules can easily be deduced from the Table. For example, (a) XYU and XYC always code the same amino acid. (b) XYA and XYG often code the same amino acid. The rare amino acids, methionine and tryptophan, whic ...
... (4) The 20 amino acids are not distributed at random among the 64 triplets. In fact, several rules can easily be deduced from the Table. For example, (a) XYU and XYC always code the same amino acid. (b) XYA and XYG often code the same amino acid. The rare amino acids, methionine and tryptophan, whic ...
Preference for and learning of amino acids in larval Drosophila
... and the learning of, all 20 canonical amino acids, including those classified as essential for egg-production in adult Drosophila (Sang and King, 1961). Larvae are the feeding and growth stages of holometabolous insects, and as such lend themselves to studies of chemosensory behaviour (Gerber and St ...
... and the learning of, all 20 canonical amino acids, including those classified as essential for egg-production in adult Drosophila (Sang and King, 1961). Larvae are the feeding and growth stages of holometabolous insects, and as such lend themselves to studies of chemosensory behaviour (Gerber and St ...
The Effects of Exogenous Amino Acids on Growth
... inhibitor and Stewart (1980) suggests that glutamine synthetase and/or its product is involved. Urea elicited the same response as NH,+ (Figs l b and lc), with an extended period of nitrogenase suppression, confirming the opinion of Neilson & Larsson (1980) that both atoms of N are utilized. Whilst ...
... inhibitor and Stewart (1980) suggests that glutamine synthetase and/or its product is involved. Urea elicited the same response as NH,+ (Figs l b and lc), with an extended period of nitrogenase suppression, confirming the opinion of Neilson & Larsson (1980) that both atoms of N are utilized. Whilst ...
IJEB 52(1) 73-79
... A common method for analysis of 17 amino acids from various insect species and plant parts was standardized using HPLC-PDA. Prior to hydrolysis, lyophilization of test samples was found indispensible to remove excess moisture, which interferes in hydrolysis and separation of amino acids. After the h ...
... A common method for analysis of 17 amino acids from various insect species and plant parts was standardized using HPLC-PDA. Prior to hydrolysis, lyophilization of test samples was found indispensible to remove excess moisture, which interferes in hydrolysis and separation of amino acids. After the h ...
Amino acid
Amino acids (/əˈmiːnoʊ, ˈæmənoʊ, əˈmaɪnoʊ/) are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, usually along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues. Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.In biochemistry, amino acids having both the amine and the carboxylic acid groups attached to the first (alpha-) carbon atom have particular importance. They are known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic formula H2NCHRCOOH in most cases, where R is an organic substituent known as a ""side-chain""); often the term ""amino acid"" is used to refer specifically to these. They include the 22 proteinogenic (""protein-building"") amino acids, which combine into peptide chains (""polypeptides"") to form the building-blocks of a vast array of proteins. These are all L-stereoisomers (""left-handed"" isomers), although a few D-amino acids (""right-handed"") occur in bacterial envelopes and some antibiotics. Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as ""standard"" amino acids. The other three (""non-standard"" or ""non-canonical"") are selenocysteine (present in many noneukaryotes as well as most eukaryotes, but not coded directly by DNA), pyrrolysine (found only in some archea and one bacterium) and N-formylmethionine (which is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts). Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine are encoded via variant codons; for example, selenocysteine is encoded by stop codon and SECIS element. Codon–tRNA combinations not found in nature can also be used to ""expand"" the genetic code and create novel proteins known as alloproteins incorporating non-proteinogenic amino acids.Many important proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids also play critical non-protein roles within the body. For example, in the human brain, glutamate (standard glutamic acid) and gamma-amino-butyric acid (""GABA"", non-standard gamma-amino acid) are, respectively, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters; hydroxyproline (a major component of the connective tissue collagen) is synthesised from proline; the standard amino acid glycine is used to synthesise porphyrins used in red blood cells; and the non-standard carnitine is used in lipid transport.Nine proteinogenic amino acids are called ""essential"" for humans because they cannot be created from other compounds by the human body and, so, must be taken in as food. Others may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions. Essential amino acids may also differ between species.Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, and food technology. Industrial uses include the production of drugs, biodegradable plastics, and chiral catalysts.