Psychology Final Review Packet
... Be able to ID elements of the Freudian Psychoanalytic Perspective - Id, Ego, Super Ego, what each does and the relationship btw them Be able to ID Defense Mechanisms based on description and examples Repression – Projection – Displacement – Identification – Reaction Formation – Regression – Rational ...
... Be able to ID elements of the Freudian Psychoanalytic Perspective - Id, Ego, Super Ego, what each does and the relationship btw them Be able to ID Defense Mechanisms based on description and examples Repression – Projection – Displacement – Identification – Reaction Formation – Regression – Rational ...
From Operant Conditioning to Selection by Consequences
... time. There is no talk in the book about variability of the rat’s behavior from which bar-pressing was selected. In bar-pressing experiments Skinner did not need to consider variability of behavior. A bar-press is a common action for a rat. To produce a bar-press to reinforce, all Skinner had to do ...
... time. There is no talk in the book about variability of the rat’s behavior from which bar-pressing was selected. In bar-pressing experiments Skinner did not need to consider variability of behavior. A bar-press is a common action for a rat. To produce a bar-press to reinforce, all Skinner had to do ...
Essentialism and Selectionism in Cognitive
... is a process that necessarily takes time: When contingencies of selection are stable over the duration of one's observations, species may appear to have essential properties, but Darwin showed that this appearance of stability is quite consistent with a selectionist account. When viewed over time, i ...
... is a process that necessarily takes time: When contingencies of selection are stable over the duration of one's observations, species may appear to have essential properties, but Darwin showed that this appearance of stability is quite consistent with a selectionist account. When viewed over time, i ...
Types of Explanatory Mechanisms
... These explanations assume an entity which is aware of the future contingencies and acts so as to benefit from that contingency. These explanations are therefore unacceptable for two reasons. First, nothing can read the future, the future simply does not exist in the present. Secondly, it's silly to ...
... These explanations assume an entity which is aware of the future contingencies and acts so as to benefit from that contingency. These explanations are therefore unacceptable for two reasons. First, nothing can read the future, the future simply does not exist in the present. Secondly, it's silly to ...
(A) – Behavior
... changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior • Play a critical part in learning and motivation • Learners do not need to be aware of antecedents for antecedents to effect behavior ...
... changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior • Play a critical part in learning and motivation • Learners do not need to be aware of antecedents for antecedents to effect behavior ...
CENTRAL TEXAS COLLEGE
... Overt – is an action that can be observed and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behavior o Covert – private events – are not observable to others 2. Identify the historical roots of behavior modification • Major Figures o Ivan P. Pavlov (1849 – 1936) – respondent conditioning ...
... Overt – is an action that can be observed and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behavior o Covert – private events – are not observable to others 2. Identify the historical roots of behavior modification • Major Figures o Ivan P. Pavlov (1849 – 1936) – respondent conditioning ...
Precision Teaching and Skinner`s Legacy
... event manded). Tacts and sequelics are built and maintained by generalized reinforcement, usually in the form of social approval, such as a teacher’s “good job” perhaps paired with an edible or token. Since one characteristic of autism is insensitivity to social contingencies, it is not surprising t ...
... event manded). Tacts and sequelics are built and maintained by generalized reinforcement, usually in the form of social approval, such as a teacher’s “good job” perhaps paired with an edible or token. Since one characteristic of autism is insensitivity to social contingencies, it is not surprising t ...
1 Beyond Freedom and Dignity B. F. Skinner Almost all living things
... Almost all living things act to free themselves from harmful contacts. A kind of freedom is achieved by the relatively simple forms of behavior called reflexes. A person sneezes and frees his respiratory passages from irritating substances. He vomits and frees his stomach from indigestible or poison ...
... Almost all living things act to free themselves from harmful contacts. A kind of freedom is achieved by the relatively simple forms of behavior called reflexes. A person sneezes and frees his respiratory passages from irritating substances. He vomits and frees his stomach from indigestible or poison ...
The Convergence of the Interactionist and Behavioral Approaches to
... determining the actor's future behavior. The behavioral perspective, as we have discussed, views the reactions of others to behavior as a central variable in establishing and maintaining behavior. Consequently, their analysis of the reactions of others to rule breaking behavior is identical to their ...
... determining the actor's future behavior. The behavioral perspective, as we have discussed, views the reactions of others to behavior as a central variable in establishing and maintaining behavior. Consequently, their analysis of the reactions of others to rule breaking behavior is identical to their ...
The Continuity Strategy, Human Behavior, and Behavior
... structurally and functionally similar across species. In the light of recent research, however, this extreme form of the continuity strategy has led to a degree of conceptual confusion in both accounting for species differences in behavior and in defining exactly what a "difference" entails. For ins ...
... structurally and functionally similar across species. In the light of recent research, however, this extreme form of the continuity strategy has led to a degree of conceptual confusion in both accounting for species differences in behavior and in defining exactly what a "difference" entails. For ins ...
full-text PDF - Duke People
... et al., 1983). In this respect they have been contrasted with ratio schedules, the other major class of reinforcement schedules, in which the rate of reinforcement is a monotonically increasing function of the rate of behavior. Indeed, the distinction between actions and habits was initially based o ...
... et al., 1983). In this respect they have been contrasted with ratio schedules, the other major class of reinforcement schedules, in which the rate of reinforcement is a monotonically increasing function of the rate of behavior. Indeed, the distinction between actions and habits was initially based o ...
Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
... abnormal behavior is best understood by taking into account multiple causes representing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural domains. Biopsychosocial model - An integrative model for explaining abnormal in terms of the interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors ...
... abnormal behavior is best understood by taking into account multiple causes representing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural domains. Biopsychosocial model - An integrative model for explaining abnormal in terms of the interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors ...
the role of verbal conditioning in third generation behavior
... could condition their clients without the client’s awareness, were more effective at conditioning verbal behavior. In addition, clients rated their verbal style as “less clear” and “less certain.” However, Denner (1970) also found that if the client was informed about the conditioning procedure, tho ...
... could condition their clients without the client’s awareness, were more effective at conditioning verbal behavior. In addition, clients rated their verbal style as “less clear” and “less certain.” However, Denner (1970) also found that if the client was informed about the conditioning procedure, tho ...
2. Which of the following is an appropriate use
... Sociocultural approach – behavior viewed as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures Placebo – a ‘medicine’ with no active ingredients Double-blind study- neither participants or researchers know who is in which group Hypothesis- a statement of the resu ...
... Sociocultural approach – behavior viewed as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures Placebo – a ‘medicine’ with no active ingredients Double-blind study- neither participants or researchers know who is in which group Hypothesis- a statement of the resu ...
SELF-INJURY Self-injury and Behavior Supports for People with
... reported by Muller and Nyhan (1982) that drugs which elevate the level of dopamine can initiate self-injurious behavior. Brown and Beail (2009) reported on their qualitative research study of self-injury among people with ID. Nine participants who harmed themselves were interviewed. Brown and Beail ...
... reported by Muller and Nyhan (1982) that drugs which elevate the level of dopamine can initiate self-injurious behavior. Brown and Beail (2009) reported on their qualitative research study of self-injury among people with ID. Nine participants who harmed themselves were interviewed. Brown and Beail ...
Handout 1
... What is Behavior? It is important to identify the unit of analysis in any scientific endeavor, but it is especially important in a domain with a rich prescientific vocabulary. I adhere to Skinner's position, first outlined in 1935, that the units of analysis in behavior are to be defined empirically ...
... What is Behavior? It is important to identify the unit of analysis in any scientific endeavor, but it is especially important in a domain with a rich prescientific vocabulary. I adhere to Skinner's position, first outlined in 1935, that the units of analysis in behavior are to be defined empirically ...
AP Exam Review_online
... while a cognitive psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. C. A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an express ...
... while a cognitive psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. C. A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an express ...
Tools for Identifying the Function of Behavior
... Trying to find what contingencies maintain the behavior Can be environmental Can be “internal” environmental effects ...
... Trying to find what contingencies maintain the behavior Can be environmental Can be “internal” environmental effects ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... Because these I/O functions are rather simple, which map the input space into the output space by some straightforward mapping functions (or look-up tables), these basic reflexes are usually not considered as representing any “higherfunctions” such as emotion, cognition, perception or intelligence. ...
... Because these I/O functions are rather simple, which map the input space into the output space by some straightforward mapping functions (or look-up tables), these basic reflexes are usually not considered as representing any “higherfunctions” such as emotion, cognition, perception or intelligence. ...
Overview of
... Measures of the subject’s behavior during each phase of the study Allows you to compare variables as they are presented or withdrawn during various conditions ...
... Measures of the subject’s behavior during each phase of the study Allows you to compare variables as they are presented or withdrawn during various conditions ...
Ch 6: Learning
... Learning versus Instincts So, what does learning—either behavioral or cognitive learning—do for us? Nearly every human activity, from working to playing to interacting with family and friends, involves some form of learning. Without learning, we would have no human language. We wouldn’t know who our ...
... Learning versus Instincts So, what does learning—either behavioral or cognitive learning—do for us? Nearly every human activity, from working to playing to interacting with family and friends, involves some form of learning. Without learning, we would have no human language. We wouldn’t know who our ...
Guided Notes
... Using extinction to refer to any decrease in behavior Some use the term extinction when referring to any _____________ response performance, regardless of what produced the behavior change. Labeling any reduction in behavior that reaches a zero rate of occurrence as _____________ is a common misuse ...
... Using extinction to refer to any decrease in behavior Some use the term extinction when referring to any _____________ response performance, regardless of what produced the behavior change. Labeling any reduction in behavior that reaches a zero rate of occurrence as _____________ is a common misuse ...
The Functional Behavior Assessment
... with. He often lays on the floor and kicks at his teacher when he is asked to transition from block center to circle time. Concerned for others, the teacher directs Eli to “Australia.” Eli also hits his teacher when he/she is busy working with other students. The teaching assistant takes Eli into th ...
... with. He often lays on the floor and kicks at his teacher when he is asked to transition from block center to circle time. Concerned for others, the teacher directs Eli to “Australia.” Eli also hits his teacher when he/she is busy working with other students. The teaching assistant takes Eli into th ...
Behavior - Compulsive - Stereotypic and Displacement Behaviors
... There is a lot of confusion over these terms and historically they have been interchanged at times, but we are now able to make a clear distinction between these forms of behavior. What is a displacement behavior? In some situations, an animal may be motivated to perform two or more behaviors that a ...
... There is a lot of confusion over these terms and historically they have been interchanged at times, but we are now able to make a clear distinction between these forms of behavior. What is a displacement behavior? In some situations, an animal may be motivated to perform two or more behaviors that a ...
Reinforcement
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior (e.g., pulling a lever more frequently), longer duration (e.g., pulling a lever for longer periods of time), greater magnitude (e.g., pulling a lever with greater force), or shorter latency (e.g., pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus).Although in many cases a reinforcing stimulus is a rewarding stimulus which is ""valued"" or ""liked"" by the individual (e.g., money received from a slot machine, the taste of the treat, the euphoria produced by an addictive drug), this is not a requirement. Indeed, reinforcement does not even require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus. Furthermore, stimuli that are ""rewarding"" or ""liked"" are not always reinforcing: if an individual eats at a fast food restaurant (response) and likes the taste of the food (stimulus), but believes it is bad for their health, they may not eat it again and thus it was not reinforcing in that condition. Thus, reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior.In most cases reinforcement refers to an enhancement of behavior but this term may also refer to an enhancement of memory. One example of this effect is called post-training reinforcement where a stimulus (e.g. food) given shortly after a training session enhances the learning. This stimulus can also be an emotional one. A good example is that many people can explain in detail where they were when they found out the World Trade Center was attacked.Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning.