NEEDS (MURRAY, 1938) AND STATE
... most controversial he ever wrote, almost wholly to the omnipotency of external stimulus control (“schedules”), going so far as to say that if we admire a person’s achievements we should bestow our praise not on the individual but on the shaping and maintaining environment (Skinner, 1971). A whole se ...
... most controversial he ever wrote, almost wholly to the omnipotency of external stimulus control (“schedules”), going so far as to say that if we admire a person’s achievements we should bestow our praise not on the individual but on the shaping and maintaining environment (Skinner, 1971). A whole se ...
Instinct Versus Environment
... part of behavior that emerges without any training or education in humans. Much of human behavior is seen as having a major instinctive basis including language that Pinker (1994) asserts is instinctive in humans. In addition to language, another example of an instinctively-based behavior is sucking ...
... part of behavior that emerges without any training or education in humans. Much of human behavior is seen as having a major instinctive basis including language that Pinker (1994) asserts is instinctive in humans. In addition to language, another example of an instinctively-based behavior is sucking ...
The Behavior of Organisms?
... behavior can be of organisms does not sit easily with radical behavioral philosophy. According to radical behaviorism, behavior emerges from histories of stimulus-response interactions coming into contact with current contingencies, not from the subjects that participate in experiments. In this vein ...
... behavior can be of organisms does not sit easily with radical behavioral philosophy. According to radical behaviorism, behavior emerges from histories of stimulus-response interactions coming into contact with current contingencies, not from the subjects that participate in experiments. In this vein ...
Schultz 10e IMTB Chapter 11
... He read about the work of Watson and Pavlov and went to Harvard where he received his Ph.D. His first book, The Behavior of Organisms (1938) outlines his system, but had disappointing sales at first. Fifty years later it was judged to have “changed the face of psychology.” He remained productive ri ...
... He read about the work of Watson and Pavlov and went to Harvard where he received his Ph.D. His first book, The Behavior of Organisms (1938) outlines his system, but had disappointing sales at first. Fifty years later it was judged to have “changed the face of psychology.” He remained productive ri ...
Learning to Coordinate Behaviors
... We adopted some simplifying, but realistic, assumptions. One is that, for every behavior, there exists at least one conjunction of preconditions for which the probability of positive feedback as well as the probability of negative feedback are within some boundary (which is a parameter of the algori ...
... We adopted some simplifying, but realistic, assumptions. One is that, for every behavior, there exists at least one conjunction of preconditions for which the probability of positive feedback as well as the probability of negative feedback are within some boundary (which is a parameter of the algori ...
Learning Theory and Personality Development
... This module explores the application of operant conditioning (ala B.F. Skinner) and psychodynamic learning theory (ala John Dollard and Neal Miller) to personality development. The references cited in this module can be found in the accompanying module entitled "References for Personality." While ps ...
... This module explores the application of operant conditioning (ala B.F. Skinner) and psychodynamic learning theory (ala John Dollard and Neal Miller) to personality development. The references cited in this module can be found in the accompanying module entitled "References for Personality." While ps ...
ptec 155 – developmental disabilities module
... time. If you stop reinforcing, the behavior will also stop. But, if you gradually space out the reinforcer, the behavior will be maintained for long periods of time with only occasional reinforcement. So, as soon as the behavior has been learned, begin to gradually space out the reinforcers. ...
... time. If you stop reinforcing, the behavior will also stop. But, if you gradually space out the reinforcer, the behavior will be maintained for long periods of time with only occasional reinforcement. So, as soon as the behavior has been learned, begin to gradually space out the reinforcers. ...
DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES B.SC (HUMAN
... of the universe as other organisms. • The notion of the mind- body dualism is usually traced to Descartes, who also emphasized the innate source of man’s ideas. Yet Descartes laid the basis for later scientific approaches to man. This great man contributed to the origin of Biomedical practice. ...
... of the universe as other organisms. • The notion of the mind- body dualism is usually traced to Descartes, who also emphasized the innate source of man’s ideas. Yet Descartes laid the basis for later scientific approaches to man. This great man contributed to the origin of Biomedical practice. ...
Including physiological data in a science of behavior: A
... The position of behavior analysts on the inclusion of physiological data in behavior analysis varies. David Schaal, a contemporary behavior analyst, addressed advantages of such inclusion to behavior analysis with four arguments: (a) identification of retention mechanisms of operant conditioning; (b ...
... The position of behavior analysts on the inclusion of physiological data in behavior analysis varies. David Schaal, a contemporary behavior analyst, addressed advantages of such inclusion to behavior analysis with four arguments: (a) identification of retention mechanisms of operant conditioning; (b ...
RFT - Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
... he/she wants, as if experiental avoidance was not an issue. This is using the strength of rulegoverned behavior; the ability to go for general and long-term goals (values). ...
... he/she wants, as if experiental avoidance was not an issue. This is using the strength of rulegoverned behavior; the ability to go for general and long-term goals (values). ...
Animal Behavior
... In operant conditioning, an animal learns to associate its response to a stimulus with a reward or a punishment. (positive and negative associations) For example, when a bird eats a butterfly that tastes bad, it associates the color of the butterfly with the taste and avoids all butterflies of t ...
... In operant conditioning, an animal learns to associate its response to a stimulus with a reward or a punishment. (positive and negative associations) For example, when a bird eats a butterfly that tastes bad, it associates the color of the butterfly with the taste and avoids all butterflies of t ...
Journal of Animal Behavior Technology
... Imagine that your dog jumps on people at the door and that makes it a problem to answer the door. If shaping, you will teach the dog to go to its mat when you answer the door. You could also teach the dog to remain sitting by your side until you release him. These behaviors are unlikely to happen by ...
... Imagine that your dog jumps on people at the door and that makes it a problem to answer the door. If shaping, you will teach the dog to go to its mat when you answer the door. You could also teach the dog to remain sitting by your side until you release him. These behaviors are unlikely to happen by ...
LEARninG - numerons
... much of human learning, too. Thus, the same mechanisms that explain how barn swallows learn to operate an automated door can account for a professional athlete’s bizarre superstitions. Indeed, many of the most fascinating discoveries in the study of learning originated in studies of animals. In this ...
... much of human learning, too. Thus, the same mechanisms that explain how barn swallows learn to operate an automated door can account for a professional athlete’s bizarre superstitions. Indeed, many of the most fascinating discoveries in the study of learning originated in studies of animals. In this ...
The Operant-Respondent Distinction Revisited: Toward
... well. Although some evidence exists as to the changes in physiological functioning brought about by respondent conditioning (e.g., Ferreira, Gollub, & Vane, 1969), the behavior of organisms does not take place in the nervous system. In some situations it may be useful to describe the neural properti ...
... well. Although some evidence exists as to the changes in physiological functioning brought about by respondent conditioning (e.g., Ferreira, Gollub, & Vane, 1969), the behavior of organisms does not take place in the nervous system. In some situations it may be useful to describe the neural properti ...
Historical Evolution of the Field of Conditioning and Learning
... were “passive.” The behavior of all animals and much human behavior were simple stimulus-response reflexes. They were caused by changes in the environment. Environmental events were REFLECTED as behaviors (therefore, the word “reflex”); these behaviors were involuntary and “mindless.” An example is ...
... were “passive.” The behavior of all animals and much human behavior were simple stimulus-response reflexes. They were caused by changes in the environment. Environmental events were REFLECTED as behaviors (therefore, the word “reflex”); these behaviors were involuntary and “mindless.” An example is ...
Behavior Analysis
... Medical model: the view that behavior problems are merely the symptoms of an underlying disorder This model is more or less accepted by most psychologists, teachers social workers and many other that deal with behavior problems ...
... Medical model: the view that behavior problems are merely the symptoms of an underlying disorder This model is more or less accepted by most psychologists, teachers social workers and many other that deal with behavior problems ...
Animal behavior
... learns to behave a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment; also called “trial-and-error” Ex. A mouse learns how to get through a maze in order to get the food at the end ...
... learns to behave a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment; also called “trial-and-error” Ex. A mouse learns how to get through a maze in order to get the food at the end ...
Selection in Modern Evolutionary Biology, Learning and Culture
... should relate to cultural anthropology, as a model for other social sciences. The viewpoint of how these sciences relate provides an implied, broader framework, within which the more specific main thesis is argued and discussed, and which the subject matter of the essay is limited to. Specifically, ...
... should relate to cultural anthropology, as a model for other social sciences. The viewpoint of how these sciences relate provides an implied, broader framework, within which the more specific main thesis is argued and discussed, and which the subject matter of the essay is limited to. Specifically, ...
Redalyc. Skinner and the Rise of Behavior Modification and
... from science or non-psychological disciplines, did not permit adequate integration of the psychologists’ knowledge. This limited his work to imitating or complimenting procedures that had nothing to do with his professional training and proved to be useless. (Yates, 1970). – The existing treatments ...
... from science or non-psychological disciplines, did not permit adequate integration of the psychologists’ knowledge. This limited his work to imitating or complimenting procedures that had nothing to do with his professional training and proved to be useless. (Yates, 1970). – The existing treatments ...
Cognitive Therapy
... Respondent Conditioning: Also called classical conditioning; it is a form of learning in which one stimulus (the conditioned stimulus or CS) comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus or US). The US is usually a biologically significant stimulus, such as food or ...
... Respondent Conditioning: Also called classical conditioning; it is a form of learning in which one stimulus (the conditioned stimulus or CS) comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus or US). The US is usually a biologically significant stimulus, such as food or ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... positive, he or she is more likely to repeat the behavior; however, if the respondent finds the consequence too negative or undesirable, he or she is less likely to repeat the behavior. Skinner identified these consequences as reinforcements and punishments. According to Skinner (1953), “The strengt ...
... positive, he or she is more likely to repeat the behavior; however, if the respondent finds the consequence too negative or undesirable, he or she is less likely to repeat the behavior. Skinner identified these consequences as reinforcements and punishments. According to Skinner (1953), “The strengt ...
Chapter Seven
... The case whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response is repeatedly experienced along with a neutral stimulus that does not, until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus ...
... The case whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response is repeatedly experienced along with a neutral stimulus that does not, until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus ...
Extinction
... • Even if a therapeutic intervention successfully results in extinction of a response, the original response may return if the person or animal encounters contexts that are highly similar to the original learning! ...
... • Even if a therapeutic intervention successfully results in extinction of a response, the original response may return if the person or animal encounters contexts that are highly similar to the original learning! ...
Settling The Stimulus-Substitution Issue Is A Prerequisite For Sound
... accounted for by the cognitive shift that was gathering force at the time they were published. Six years later, however, Malmo's (1965) conditioning study was referred to as the foundation for HR decelerative conditioning experiments with rabbits in Schneiderman's laboratory (Sideroff et al. 1971). ...
... accounted for by the cognitive shift that was gathering force at the time they were published. Six years later, however, Malmo's (1965) conditioning study was referred to as the foundation for HR decelerative conditioning experiments with rabbits in Schneiderman's laboratory (Sideroff et al. 1971). ...
Reinforcement
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior (e.g., pulling a lever more frequently), longer duration (e.g., pulling a lever for longer periods of time), greater magnitude (e.g., pulling a lever with greater force), or shorter latency (e.g., pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus).Although in many cases a reinforcing stimulus is a rewarding stimulus which is ""valued"" or ""liked"" by the individual (e.g., money received from a slot machine, the taste of the treat, the euphoria produced by an addictive drug), this is not a requirement. Indeed, reinforcement does not even require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus. Furthermore, stimuli that are ""rewarding"" or ""liked"" are not always reinforcing: if an individual eats at a fast food restaurant (response) and likes the taste of the food (stimulus), but believes it is bad for their health, they may not eat it again and thus it was not reinforcing in that condition. Thus, reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior.In most cases reinforcement refers to an enhancement of behavior but this term may also refer to an enhancement of memory. One example of this effect is called post-training reinforcement where a stimulus (e.g. food) given shortly after a training session enhances the learning. This stimulus can also be an emotional one. A good example is that many people can explain in detail where they were when they found out the World Trade Center was attacked.Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning.