Help Control the Spread of Infectious Diseases in Schools
... Influenza is spread from person to person when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or touches things that others use. Droplets from a cough or sneeze can travel up to six feet and spray directly on another person or settle on surfaces (floors, tables, countertops and equipment). An infected person w ...
... Influenza is spread from person to person when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or touches things that others use. Droplets from a cough or sneeze can travel up to six feet and spray directly on another person or settle on surfaces (floors, tables, countertops and equipment). An infected person w ...
Influenza prevention and treatment by passive immunization
... recognizing epitopes located in this domain (Okada et al., 2010). In contrast, the stem domain of HA is highly conserved across multiple HA sub-types, thus it seems to be a more promising target for therapeutic antibodies. On the other hand, immunoglobulins against stem domain of HA represent only a ...
... recognizing epitopes located in this domain (Okada et al., 2010). In contrast, the stem domain of HA is highly conserved across multiple HA sub-types, thus it seems to be a more promising target for therapeutic antibodies. On the other hand, immunoglobulins against stem domain of HA represent only a ...
Juveniles and migrants as drivers for seasonal epizootics of avian
... seasonal mycoplasmal conjunctivitis epidemics are likely to be initiated by asymptomatic, recovered adults infecting na€ıve juveniles and by reintroduction of the bacterium into the population by dispersing or migrating individuals (Dhondt et al. 2012). Puumala virus epizootics, on the other hand, a ...
... seasonal mycoplasmal conjunctivitis epidemics are likely to be initiated by asymptomatic, recovered adults infecting na€ıve juveniles and by reintroduction of the bacterium into the population by dispersing or migrating individuals (Dhondt et al. 2012). Puumala virus epizootics, on the other hand, a ...
An Introduction to An Introduction to Influenza Influenza Influenza A
... History teaches that the influenza virus mutates to cause worldwide epidemic about twice a century, on average. But scientists have yet to figure out what causes the mutations, when they will occur and what makes certain viruses more lethal than others. The new swine flu cases are caused by an influ ...
... History teaches that the influenza virus mutates to cause worldwide epidemic about twice a century, on average. But scientists have yet to figure out what causes the mutations, when they will occur and what makes certain viruses more lethal than others. The new swine flu cases are caused by an influ ...
Estimating Parameters of the 1918-19 Influenza Epidemic on U.S.
... Variation of β over Time and Across Bases SEIAR model assumes that β is constant over time. Philipson argues that people may change their behavior during an epidemic (Philipson, 1996). They may reduce the rate at which they contact potential carriers of disease or engage in preventive measures to re ...
... Variation of β over Time and Across Bases SEIAR model assumes that β is constant over time. Philipson argues that people may change their behavior during an epidemic (Philipson, 1996). They may reduce the rate at which they contact potential carriers of disease or engage in preventive measures to re ...
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
... The first Avian Influenza (H5N1) case reported in African countries was from Nigeria, where it occurred in a poultry farm in Kaduna state, one of the 36 states of Nigeria, in 2006(1-3). The epidemic continues to spread to other parts of the country and in 2007 Nigeria reported the first human case o ...
... The first Avian Influenza (H5N1) case reported in African countries was from Nigeria, where it occurred in a poultry farm in Kaduna state, one of the 36 states of Nigeria, in 2006(1-3). The epidemic continues to spread to other parts of the country and in 2007 Nigeria reported the first human case o ...
Industrial Food Animal Production and Global Health Risks
... These systems are characterized by large numbers of animals being raised in confinement with high throughput and rapid turnover. Although not typically recognized as such, industrial food animal production generates unique ecosystems—environments that may facilitate the evolution of zoonotic pathoge ...
... These systems are characterized by large numbers of animals being raised in confinement with high throughput and rapid turnover. Although not typically recognized as such, industrial food animal production generates unique ecosystems—environments that may facilitate the evolution of zoonotic pathoge ...
insight Nature 430, 242-249 (8 July 2004) | doi:10.1038
... that causes AIDS. HIV has so far infected more than 60 million people worldwide 33. Before jumping to humans an estimated 60–70 years ago34, perhaps as a consequence of the consumption of ‘bush meat’ from non-human primates, HIV-1 and HIV-2 had ample opportunity to evolve in hosts that were genetica ...
... that causes AIDS. HIV has so far infected more than 60 million people worldwide 33. Before jumping to humans an estimated 60–70 years ago34, perhaps as a consequence of the consumption of ‘bush meat’ from non-human primates, HIV-1 and HIV-2 had ample opportunity to evolve in hosts that were genetica ...
Training Bulletin
... every year, between 2,000 and 8,000 Canadians die of influenza and its complications. Many more become seriously ill and require hospitalization.1 Both the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States recognize that the morbidity and mo ...
... every year, between 2,000 and 8,000 Canadians die of influenza and its complications. Many more become seriously ill and require hospitalization.1 Both the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States recognize that the morbidity and mo ...
PDF
... TLR7 and TLR8 and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs; Pang and Iwasaki, 2011; Tripathi et al., 2013). RIG-I is a cytosolic sensor that recognizes the influenza virus through detection of 50 - triphosphates on single stranded RNAs. In specialized cells like plasmacyt ...
... TLR7 and TLR8 and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs; Pang and Iwasaki, 2011; Tripathi et al., 2013). RIG-I is a cytosolic sensor that recognizes the influenza virus through detection of 50 - triphosphates on single stranded RNAs. In specialized cells like plasmacyt ...
bird flu leaflet
... higher) followed by flu-like symptoms, including cough, runny nose, sore throat, and shortness of breath. Diarrhoea is often present early on in the illness, but may start up to one week before the flulike symptoms. People can also have stomach pain or vomiting or headache. ...
... higher) followed by flu-like symptoms, including cough, runny nose, sore throat, and shortness of breath. Diarrhoea is often present early on in the illness, but may start up to one week before the flulike symptoms. People can also have stomach pain or vomiting or headache. ...
Taking Care of a Sick Person in Your Home
... conditions. Sometimes bacterial infections may occur at the same time as or after infection with influenza viruses and lead to pneumonias, ear infections, or sinus infections. The following information can help you provide safer care at home for sick persons during a flu outbreak or flu pandemic. Ho ...
... conditions. Sometimes bacterial infections may occur at the same time as or after infection with influenza viruses and lead to pneumonias, ear infections, or sinus infections. The following information can help you provide safer care at home for sick persons during a flu outbreak or flu pandemic. Ho ...
The evolution of epidemic influenza
... Furthermore, as the cluster jumps tend to correspond to occurrences of vaccine failure35, they evidently represent a better predictor of antigenic novelty than do data from studies of genotypic evolution alone. Although it is clear that our understanding of influenza A virus evolution will greatly b ...
... Furthermore, as the cluster jumps tend to correspond to occurrences of vaccine failure35, they evidently represent a better predictor of antigenic novelty than do data from studies of genotypic evolution alone. Although it is clear that our understanding of influenza A virus evolution will greatly b ...
australian influenza surveillance report
... The infections have mostly been associated with prolonged exposure to pigs at agricultural fairs. Limited human-to-human spread of the virus had been detected in 2012, however no sustained community transmission was identified. Illness associated with influenza A(H3N2)v infection has been mostly mil ...
... The infections have mostly been associated with prolonged exposure to pigs at agricultural fairs. Limited human-to-human spread of the virus had been detected in 2012, however no sustained community transmission was identified. Illness associated with influenza A(H3N2)v infection has been mostly mil ...
Bird Flu 4 panel
... higher) followed by flu-like symptoms, including cough, runny nose, sore throat, and shortness of breath. Diarrhoea is often present early on in the illness, but may start up to one week before the flulike symptoms. People can also have stomach pain or vomiting or headache. ...
... higher) followed by flu-like symptoms, including cough, runny nose, sore throat, and shortness of breath. Diarrhoea is often present early on in the illness, but may start up to one week before the flulike symptoms. People can also have stomach pain or vomiting or headache. ...
The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance
... Historically, influenza surveillance has focused on virological monitoring and collection of specimens to support vaccine strain selection. In recent years, especially after the 2009 pandemic season, influenza surveillance has been expanded as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to in ...
... Historically, influenza surveillance has focused on virological monitoring and collection of specimens to support vaccine strain selection. In recent years, especially after the 2009 pandemic season, influenza surveillance has been expanded as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to in ...
1 - 中国疾病预防控制中心应用门户
... analyses 15 newly sequenced swine influenza viruses from Hong Kong, sampled in the course of a surveillance program conducted since the early 1990s. The viruses were a mixture of seven H1N1 and eight H1N2 subtypes, and viruses belonging to the classical, Eurasian avian-like, and triple-reassortant s ...
... analyses 15 newly sequenced swine influenza viruses from Hong Kong, sampled in the course of a surveillance program conducted since the early 1990s. The viruses were a mixture of seven H1N1 and eight H1N2 subtypes, and viruses belonging to the classical, Eurasian avian-like, and triple-reassortant s ...
The Middle East Consortium on Infectious Disease Surveillance
... Relevant. Will be discussed within a special group Not applicable. Not applicable. Accepted ...
... Relevant. Will be discussed within a special group Not applicable. Not applicable. Accepted ...
Influenza burden of illness, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
... vaccine supply, for example in the USA48 threw into sharp relief the role of antivirals. They may be useful when there is a vaccine shortage during an inter-pandemic period and are likely to be of use in the first wave of a pandemic to contain spread from initial cases, and to protect healthcare wor ...
... vaccine supply, for example in the USA48 threw into sharp relief the role of antivirals. They may be useful when there is a vaccine shortage during an inter-pandemic period and are likely to be of use in the first wave of a pandemic to contain spread from initial cases, and to protect healthcare wor ...
Influenza: A case study
... transition to humans 6000–9000 years ago, coinciding with the rise of farming, animal husbandry and urbanisation. These changes in human behavior and population density provided the ecological niche that enabled influenza, as well as a number of other infectious agents such as the viruses that cause ...
... transition to humans 6000–9000 years ago, coinciding with the rise of farming, animal husbandry and urbanisation. These changes in human behavior and population density provided the ecological niche that enabled influenza, as well as a number of other infectious agents such as the viruses that cause ...
Review Experimental human influenza: observations from studies of
... to adamantane-susceptible influenza A strains. Limited data also suggest that aerosol delivery of adamantanes to the respiratory tract has some efficacy in both experimentally induced [22] and naturally occurring influenza [37]. Oseltamivir results have also shown a good correspondence overall betwe ...
... to adamantane-susceptible influenza A strains. Limited data also suggest that aerosol delivery of adamantanes to the respiratory tract has some efficacy in both experimentally induced [22] and naturally occurring influenza [37]. Oseltamivir results have also shown a good correspondence overall betwe ...
Swine Flu - Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust
... touching or shaking the hand of an infected person and then touching your mouth, eyes or nose without first washing your hands touching surfaces or objects (eg door handles) that have become contaminated with the flu virus and then touching your mouth, eyes or nose without first washing your hands ...
... touching or shaking the hand of an infected person and then touching your mouth, eyes or nose without first washing your hands touching surfaces or objects (eg door handles) that have become contaminated with the flu virus and then touching your mouth, eyes or nose without first washing your hands ...
A Host Transcriptional Signature for Presymptomatic
... factor score varies as well, and a common factor trajectory can be mathematically imputed for all symptomatic subjects (Fig. 3a–b). The trajectory of the Influenza Factor for symptomatic, infected individuals first begins to diverge from asymptomatic, uninfected individuals at 35–40% of the elapsed ...
... factor score varies as well, and a common factor trajectory can be mathematically imputed for all symptomatic subjects (Fig. 3a–b). The trajectory of the Influenza Factor for symptomatic, infected individuals first begins to diverge from asymptomatic, uninfected individuals at 35–40% of the elapsed ...
the virus infection cycle
... Host Range - This specifies both the tissue cell type and species of animal that a virus can infect and in which it can multiply. ...
... Host Range - This specifies both the tissue cell type and species of animal that a virus can infect and in which it can multiply. ...
Progresses on Studies of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1
... viruses circulating in poultry, indicating that it is possible to happen human-to-human transmission if these mutation or reassortments happened in nature. Fortunately, HPAIV H5N1 caused sporadic human infections only. Although the limited human-to-human transmission events have been reported in clu ...
... viruses circulating in poultry, indicating that it is possible to happen human-to-human transmission if these mutation or reassortments happened in nature. Fortunately, HPAIV H5N1 caused sporadic human infections only. Although the limited human-to-human transmission events have been reported in clu ...
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as ""the flu"", is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. In children there may be nausea and vomiting but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as ""stomach flu"" or ""24-hour flu"". Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.Three types of influenza affect people. Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances. It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes. A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are sick. The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection if the results are negative. A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate.Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection because the virus is inactivated by soap. Wearing a surgical mask is also useful. Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World Health Organization for those at high risk. The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza. It is usually well tolerated. A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir among others have been used to treat influenza. Their benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks. No benefit has been found in those with other health problems.Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. In the Northern and Southern parts of the world outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year. Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other health problems. Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. In the 20th century three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918, Asian influenza in 1958, and Hong Kong influenza in 1968, each resulting in more than a million deaths. The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009. Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and birds.