Osmolarity and Tonic..
... Hyperglycaemia in untreated diabetics results in ECF which is both hyperosmolar and hypertonic (as compared to the normal situation) as glucose cannot easily enter cells in these circumstances. Water moves out of the cells until the osmolar gradient is abolished. In some situations, a more operatio ...
... Hyperglycaemia in untreated diabetics results in ECF which is both hyperosmolar and hypertonic (as compared to the normal situation) as glucose cannot easily enter cells in these circumstances. Water moves out of the cells until the osmolar gradient is abolished. In some situations, a more operatio ...
examination by electron microscopy of the interaction between
... cytoplasm are associated with vacuoles in which the limiting membrane is more tightly apposed to the ingested organism leaving only a relatively narrow, intervening peribacillary space. This space is filled with a dense, finely granular, acid phosphatase-positive material identical in appearance to ...
... cytoplasm are associated with vacuoles in which the limiting membrane is more tightly apposed to the ingested organism leaving only a relatively narrow, intervening peribacillary space. This space is filled with a dense, finely granular, acid phosphatase-positive material identical in appearance to ...
Resting Membrane Potentials
... 2. Contrast graded potentials and action potentials. Graded potentials are electrical signals that have variable amplitude, are localized, and travel short distances along the membrane. In contrast, an action potential has a fixed amplitude, and can travel greater distances along the membrane.. 3. a ...
... 2. Contrast graded potentials and action potentials. Graded potentials are electrical signals that have variable amplitude, are localized, and travel short distances along the membrane. In contrast, an action potential has a fixed amplitude, and can travel greater distances along the membrane.. 3. a ...
Encontro de Jovens Investigadores de Biologia Computacional
... chemotherapy failures worldwide. Although P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the main contributors for MDR, the biophysical aspects of drug efflux by P-gp still remain largely unknown. Following our characterization of three drug-binding sites within P-gp\'s internal drug-binding pocket (DBP), a series ...
... chemotherapy failures worldwide. Although P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the main contributors for MDR, the biophysical aspects of drug efflux by P-gp still remain largely unknown. Following our characterization of three drug-binding sites within P-gp\'s internal drug-binding pocket (DBP), a series ...
How proteins produce cellular membrane curvature
... internal and outer monolayers, provided that the contribution of the rest of the lipids to the spontaneous curvature of the monolayer is negligible. This degree of compositional asymmetry might be created in biological membranes, but requires special mechanisms and conditions. An example might be th ...
... internal and outer monolayers, provided that the contribution of the rest of the lipids to the spontaneous curvature of the monolayer is negligible. This degree of compositional asymmetry might be created in biological membranes, but requires special mechanisms and conditions. An example might be th ...
Chapter 7
... exhibit a net movement in one direction • At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross one way as cross in the other direction ...
... exhibit a net movement in one direction • At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross one way as cross in the other direction ...
Phospholipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Golgi Apparatus
... On hydrogenation this acid disappeared from the chromatograms and there was a concurrent increase in the peak area for stearate. Arachidonic acid was not detected in triglycerides. With phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine a decreasing percentage of unsaturated fatty acids was noted from endop ...
... On hydrogenation this acid disappeared from the chromatograms and there was a concurrent increase in the peak area for stearate. Arachidonic acid was not detected in triglycerides. With phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine a decreasing percentage of unsaturated fatty acids was noted from endop ...
vesicle
... neurons in order to coordinate smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles, bodily secretions and organ functions critical for the long-term survival of multicellular vertebrate organisms such as mammals. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travel. Each neuron receives as many as 15,000 conn ...
... neurons in order to coordinate smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles, bodily secretions and organ functions critical for the long-term survival of multicellular vertebrate organisms such as mammals. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travel. Each neuron receives as many as 15,000 conn ...
The Electrochemical Gradient - Advanced
... One particular ion gradient with biological significance is the proton (H+ ) gradient. This type of gradient is established through active transport involving proton pumps. The proton gradient is used during photosynthesis and cellular respiration to generate a chemiosmotic potential, or proton moti ...
... One particular ion gradient with biological significance is the proton (H+ ) gradient. This type of gradient is established through active transport involving proton pumps. The proton gradient is used during photosynthesis and cellular respiration to generate a chemiosmotic potential, or proton moti ...
Ch 9 modified
... – The extreme ends of the Golgi apparatus are elaborated into long, tubular structures called the cis Golgi network and trans Golgi network. – Both Golgi networks sort proteins into vesicles targeted to different locations. The trans Golgi network is especially effective at sorting a large number of ...
... – The extreme ends of the Golgi apparatus are elaborated into long, tubular structures called the cis Golgi network and trans Golgi network. – Both Golgi networks sort proteins into vesicles targeted to different locations. The trans Golgi network is especially effective at sorting a large number of ...
Chapter # PLASMA MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID ASYMMETRY
... from an exogenous resevoir into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane rather than a fusion of bilayer vectors containing the probes with the plasma membrane. This problem has been addressed by Gadella et al. (1999) who established a protocol for incorporation of NBD-phospholipid analogues into pl ...
... from an exogenous resevoir into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane rather than a fusion of bilayer vectors containing the probes with the plasma membrane. This problem has been addressed by Gadella et al. (1999) who established a protocol for incorporation of NBD-phospholipid analogues into pl ...
- Wiley Online Library
... lattices seen in light-deprived plant chloroplasts, where their morphology is also known to be influenced by associated membrane proteins.40 Biocrystallization of phospholipids has also been observed in prokaryotes, where it is proposed to serve as a defensive mechanism that sequesters DNA from oxida ...
... lattices seen in light-deprived plant chloroplasts, where their morphology is also known to be influenced by associated membrane proteins.40 Biocrystallization of phospholipids has also been observed in prokaryotes, where it is proposed to serve as a defensive mechanism that sequesters DNA from oxida ...
STRUCTURE OF SYNAPSES: OVERVIEW
... releasing their content into the synaptic cleft to act on receptors specific for the neurotransmitters in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus synaptic transmission relies on the vesicle mediated exocytosis of neurotransmitter. There is usually only one small molecule transmitter for a specific neuron ty ...
... releasing their content into the synaptic cleft to act on receptors specific for the neurotransmitters in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus synaptic transmission relies on the vesicle mediated exocytosis of neurotransmitter. There is usually only one small molecule transmitter for a specific neuron ty ...
Structural Influences: Cholesterol, Drug, and Proton Binding to Full
... (30), AMT inhibits proton flux through M2FL in liquid crystalline lipid bilayers containing 30% cholesterol, so it does not appear to be the high concentration of cholesterol that is responsible for the lack of AMT binding in Hong’s studies (30). Recently, it has become clear that M2 prefers an envi ...
... (30), AMT inhibits proton flux through M2FL in liquid crystalline lipid bilayers containing 30% cholesterol, so it does not appear to be the high concentration of cholesterol that is responsible for the lack of AMT binding in Hong’s studies (30). Recently, it has become clear that M2 prefers an envi ...
Chapter 05 Membranes
... of a protein called spectrin links proteins in the plasma membrane with actin filaments in the cell’s cytoskeleton. Membranes use networks of other proteins to control the lateral movements of some key membrane proteins, anchoring them to specific sites. 4. Cell-surface markers. As you learned i ...
... of a protein called spectrin links proteins in the plasma membrane with actin filaments in the cell’s cytoskeleton. Membranes use networks of other proteins to control the lateral movements of some key membrane proteins, anchoring them to specific sites. 4. Cell-surface markers. As you learned i ...
Defining new SNARE functions: the i-SNARE
... micro-domains and the t-SNARE distribution seems to depend both on lipidic and proteic contributions (Yang et al., 2012). Regulating t-SNARE distribution the cell could dynamically modulate vesicle fusion probabilities and consequently the kinetics of the cellular response (Silva et al., 2010; Yang ...
... micro-domains and the t-SNARE distribution seems to depend both on lipidic and proteic contributions (Yang et al., 2012). Regulating t-SNARE distribution the cell could dynamically modulate vesicle fusion probabilities and consequently the kinetics of the cellular response (Silva et al., 2010; Yang ...
PROTEIN-LIPID AND PROTEIN-CARBOHYDRATE INTERACTIONS
... correlation was found between the polar lipid content and baking value of wheats resp. flours. The role of carbohydrates in the formation of gluten complex has not been investigated so thoroughly as the lipid-protein interaction. Theoretically - due to the polar character of carbohydrates - hydrogen ...
... correlation was found between the polar lipid content and baking value of wheats resp. flours. The role of carbohydrates in the formation of gluten complex has not been investigated so thoroughly as the lipid-protein interaction. Theoretically - due to the polar character of carbohydrates - hydrogen ...
The anammoxosome: an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox
... plasmic membrane exhibits a large invagination towards the central region of the cell. In Gemmata and anammox bacteria, the compartment bounded by the intracytoplasmic membrane contains yet a second membranebounded compartment [16,17]. In Gemmata, this compartment contains the cell DNA and is surrou ...
... plasmic membrane exhibits a large invagination towards the central region of the cell. In Gemmata and anammox bacteria, the compartment bounded by the intracytoplasmic membrane contains yet a second membranebounded compartment [16,17]. In Gemmata, this compartment contains the cell DNA and is surrou ...
Lipid and Lipoprotein Population Distributions - Lectures For UG-5
... Exogeneous cholesterol comes from diet Endogeneous cholesterol is synthesized by the liver 70 % of cholesterol associated with cellular components 30 % is in the plasma ( ⅓ free form , ⅔ esterfied ) ...
... Exogeneous cholesterol comes from diet Endogeneous cholesterol is synthesized by the liver 70 % of cholesterol associated with cellular components 30 % is in the plasma ( ⅓ free form , ⅔ esterfied ) ...
Antimicrobial Pseudo peptides with Synthesis of Novel Selective
... of defense peptides produced in eukaryotic system have been isolated and their functions characterized.2-5 Some of them had a great selectivity between bacteria and mammalian cell and potent activity against bacteria only. Although the mode of the action of this class of the peptides is not fully un ...
... of defense peptides produced in eukaryotic system have been isolated and their functions characterized.2-5 Some of them had a great selectivity between bacteria and mammalian cell and potent activity against bacteria only. Although the mode of the action of this class of the peptides is not fully un ...
Concentration Dependent Different Action of Tamoxifen on
... TAM and derivatives have been shown to protect biological membranes, and membrane-model systems such as liposomes, against free radical mediated lipid peroxidation. Observation of this protective action of TAM and its derivatives can be attributed to molecular modulation of the membrane environment ...
... TAM and derivatives have been shown to protect biological membranes, and membrane-model systems such as liposomes, against free radical mediated lipid peroxidation. Observation of this protective action of TAM and its derivatives can be attributed to molecular modulation of the membrane environment ...
Biological Membrane Structure By Solid-State NMR
... restricted molecular motions result in broad NMR spectra. This contribution will first present an overview of the different techniques used to study lipid bilayers, namely 31P, 2H and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. On the other hand, the study of the structure of membrane peptides and proteins is ...
... restricted molecular motions result in broad NMR spectra. This contribution will first present an overview of the different techniques used to study lipid bilayers, namely 31P, 2H and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. On the other hand, the study of the structure of membrane peptides and proteins is ...
Article Integrin-Dependent Organization and Bidirectional Vesicular Traffic at Cytotoxic Immune Synapses Immunity
... at the Center of Cytotoxic Immune Synapses To test whether degranulation was induced by ligands on lipid bilayers, we included a directly labeled Fab of a CD107a mAb in the lipid bilayer chamber and imaged it by TIRF microscopy, as described (Beal et al., 2008). The assay was first validated with NK ...
... at the Center of Cytotoxic Immune Synapses To test whether degranulation was induced by ligands on lipid bilayers, we included a directly labeled Fab of a CD107a mAb in the lipid bilayer chamber and imaged it by TIRF microscopy, as described (Beal et al., 2008). The assay was first validated with NK ...
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of almost all living organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the membranes surrounding the cell nucleus and other sub-cellular structures. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Lipid bilayers are ideally suited to this role because, even though they are only a few nanometers in width, they are impermeable to most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules. Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by transporting ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps.Biological bilayers are usually composed of amphiphilic phospholipids that have a hydrophilic phosphate head and a hydrophobic tail consisting of two fatty acid chains. Phospholipids with certain head groups can alter the surface chemistry of a bilayer and can, for example, serve as signals as well as ""anchors"" for other molecules in the membranes of cells. Just like the heads, the tails of lipids can also affect membrane properties, for instance by determining the phase of the bilayer. The bilayer can adopt a solid gel phase state at lower temperatures but undergo phase transition to a fluid state at higher temperatures, and the chemical properties of the lipids' tails influence at which temperature this happens. The packing of lipids within the bilayer also affects its mechanical properties, including its resistance to stretching and bending. Many of these properties have been studied with the use of artificial ""model"" bilayers produced in a lab. Vesicles made by model bilayers have also been used clinically to deliver drugs.Biological membranes typically include several types of molecules other than phospholipids. A particularly important example in animal cells is cholesterol, which helps strengthen the bilayer and decrease its permeability. Cholesterol also helps regulate the activity of certain integral membrane proteins. Integral membrane proteins function when incorporated into a lipid bilayer, and they are held tightly to lipid bilayer with the help of an annular lipid shell. Because bilayers define the boundaries of the cell and its compartments, these membrane proteins are involved in many intra- and inter-cellular signaling processes. Certain kinds of membrane proteins are involved in the process of fusing two bilayers together. This fusion allows the joining of two distinct structures as in the fertilization of an egg by sperm or the entry of a virus into a cell. Because lipid bilayers are quite fragile and invisible in a traditional microscope, they are a challenge to study. Experiments on bilayers often require advanced techniques like electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.