PROTEIN-LIPID INTERPLAY IN FUSION AND FISSION OF
... dashed lines). Although a surface bending is characterized by two principal curvatures (Figure 2D), in practice one uses their combinations, called the total curvature, J ⫽ c1 ⫹ c2, and the Gaussian curvature, K ⫽ c1 䡠 c2, which have a profound geometrical meaning. For mathematical reasons, the Gaus ...
... dashed lines). Although a surface bending is characterized by two principal curvatures (Figure 2D), in practice one uses their combinations, called the total curvature, J ⫽ c1 ⫹ c2, and the Gaussian curvature, K ⫽ c1 䡠 c2, which have a profound geometrical meaning. For mathematical reasons, the Gaus ...
Topics Covered MEMBRANE FUNCTION
... - MEMBRANE ORDER (MO) - cholesterol enrichment of large vessel endothelial cell membranes results in both an increase in MO and an increase in susceptibility to mechanically-induced membrane wounding (Clarke et al., 1995; Endothelium ...
... - MEMBRANE ORDER (MO) - cholesterol enrichment of large vessel endothelial cell membranes results in both an increase in MO and an increase in susceptibility to mechanically-induced membrane wounding (Clarke et al., 1995; Endothelium ...
Apolipophorins and insects immune response
... interaction with hydrophobic patches on lipophorin particles which appear as a function of DAG enrichment. In turn, Kawooya et al. (1986) have proposed that M. sexta apoLp-III recognizes potential lipid surface binding sites via one of its end and then Breiter et al. (1991) have shown that loop A co ...
... interaction with hydrophobic patches on lipophorin particles which appear as a function of DAG enrichment. In turn, Kawooya et al. (1986) have proposed that M. sexta apoLp-III recognizes potential lipid surface binding sites via one of its end and then Breiter et al. (1991) have shown that loop A co ...
Transport Across Cell Membrane - Bioenergetics and Cell Metabolism
... adhesion deficiency. Child dies by age 2 ...
... adhesion deficiency. Child dies by age 2 ...
Lipid Characterization of an Enriched Plasma Membrane
... under the high external concentrations of NaCl, but also maintain a permeability barrier against the high NaCl concentration outside of the cell. Indeed, internal Na+ concentrations of less than 100 mm have been reported in Dunaliella cells grown in 0.5 to 4 M NaCl (16). The plasma membrane must als ...
... under the high external concentrations of NaCl, but also maintain a permeability barrier against the high NaCl concentration outside of the cell. Indeed, internal Na+ concentrations of less than 100 mm have been reported in Dunaliella cells grown in 0.5 to 4 M NaCl (16). The plasma membrane must als ...
hospital/institute/center - Advances in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
... Pathogenesis of IBD is likely related to abnormal interactions between the immune system and gut microbiota ...
... Pathogenesis of IBD is likely related to abnormal interactions between the immune system and gut microbiota ...
and extra-vesicular ions and membrane associated charges in
... the other hand, form bilayer membrane structures. At present, it is not clear how the monolayer structures of BTLs and the bilayer structures of diethers are organized in the archaea plasma membrane. Further, the ratio of diethers to tetraethers in crenarchaeota increases with increasing pressure an ...
... the other hand, form bilayer membrane structures. At present, it is not clear how the monolayer structures of BTLs and the bilayer structures of diethers are organized in the archaea plasma membrane. Further, the ratio of diethers to tetraethers in crenarchaeota increases with increasing pressure an ...
Journal of Bacteriology 186:
... linearly with the pyrene concentration. The probe’s lateral diffusion can be derived from the slope of the curve as follows: excimer/monomer ⫽ kaPyCPy (9). Samples of bacterial cultures at steady-state growth, OD450 ⫽ 0.25, were fixed by formaldehyde (final concentration, 0.25%), washed twice with ...
... linearly with the pyrene concentration. The probe’s lateral diffusion can be derived from the slope of the curve as follows: excimer/monomer ⫽ kaPyCPy (9). Samples of bacterial cultures at steady-state growth, OD450 ⫽ 0.25, were fixed by formaldehyde (final concentration, 0.25%), washed twice with ...
Cell Processes
... The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotes developed when a prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another prokaryotic cell & continued living inside the other cell. One piece of evidence for this is that some organelles have their own DNA. Which of these organelles has its own DNA and is though ...
... The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotes developed when a prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another prokaryotic cell & continued living inside the other cell. One piece of evidence for this is that some organelles have their own DNA. Which of these organelles has its own DNA and is though ...
Passive Transport
... Smaller molecules such as oxygen will diffuse quicker than large molecules like proteins. ...
... Smaller molecules such as oxygen will diffuse quicker than large molecules like proteins. ...
Formation of lipid bodies and fatty acid composition changes upon
... but desiccation had no major effect on FA composition. The results are discussed with regard to the capability of Zygnema spp. to thrive in extreme conditions. ...
... but desiccation had no major effect on FA composition. The results are discussed with regard to the capability of Zygnema spp. to thrive in extreme conditions. ...
Presence of exposed phospholipids in the outer membrane of Vibrio
... cells following treatment with 0.01% SDS, sodium deoxycholate and Triton X-100. There was no detectable lysis of E. coli cells even at ten times the concentrations of these detergents. When crystal violet was added to V. cholerae cells in the exponential phase of growth, the uptake of dye continued ...
... cells following treatment with 0.01% SDS, sodium deoxycholate and Triton X-100. There was no detectable lysis of E. coli cells even at ten times the concentrations of these detergents. When crystal violet was added to V. cholerae cells in the exponential phase of growth, the uptake of dye continued ...
Mechanisms Shaping the Membranes of Cellular Organelles
... As discussed below, some integral membrane proteins have also been proposed to generate curvature by a combination of scaffolding and hydrophobic insertion (wedging). Protein embedding alone could cause membrane curvature by the bilayer coupling effect ...
... As discussed below, some integral membrane proteins have also been proposed to generate curvature by a combination of scaffolding and hydrophobic insertion (wedging). Protein embedding alone could cause membrane curvature by the bilayer coupling effect ...
CHEM 210 Testing Center Quiz # 3 Study Guide for CH. 6
... Define Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids and know general properties from our discussion in class Cholesterol is considered elevated if plasma cholesterol exceeds 200 mg/dL & is synthesized in the liver and obtained from foods & increases in the liver when high levels of saturated fat are cons ...
... Define Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids and know general properties from our discussion in class Cholesterol is considered elevated if plasma cholesterol exceeds 200 mg/dL & is synthesized in the liver and obtained from foods & increases in the liver when high levels of saturated fat are cons ...
Lipid rafts
... It is important to note, cholesterol may regulate protein function not only through altering lipid rafts but also by direct interactions with the proteins. However, it is very challenging to discriminate between these possibilities for any specific type of protein because it is unreasonable to test ...
... It is important to note, cholesterol may regulate protein function not only through altering lipid rafts but also by direct interactions with the proteins. However, it is very challenging to discriminate between these possibilities for any specific type of protein because it is unreasonable to test ...
Triton X-100 Extraction of P815 Tumor Cells
... have examined extraction of whole cells with Triton X-100. Using the same conditions as those used for isolation of the matrix from membranes, we found that extraction of intact cells resulted in structures consisting of a continuous layer of protein at the periphery, a largely empty cytoplasmic spa ...
... have examined extraction of whole cells with Triton X-100. Using the same conditions as those used for isolation of the matrix from membranes, we found that extraction of intact cells resulted in structures consisting of a continuous layer of protein at the periphery, a largely empty cytoplasmic spa ...
Plant physiology
... 1992; Thompson, 1996). In green microalgae (Chlorophyceae), TAGs are usually synthesized and accumulated in cytoplasmatic lipid droplets (CLDs; Murphy, 2012), although in some cases, such as in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii starchless mutants, they also accumulate in chloroplasts (Fan et al., 2011; Good ...
... 1992; Thompson, 1996). In green microalgae (Chlorophyceae), TAGs are usually synthesized and accumulated in cytoplasmatic lipid droplets (CLDs; Murphy, 2012), although in some cases, such as in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii starchless mutants, they also accumulate in chloroplasts (Fan et al., 2011; Good ...
Minireview: Lipid Droplets in Lipogenesis and Lipolysis
... major adipocyte protein phosphorylated in response to activation of protein kinase A (PKA) (34). Its localization surrounding neutral lipid storage droplets in adipocytes led to the notion that it forms a hormonally regulated barrier between cytosolic lipases and the neutral lipids within. Consisten ...
... major adipocyte protein phosphorylated in response to activation of protein kinase A (PKA) (34). Its localization surrounding neutral lipid storage droplets in adipocytes led to the notion that it forms a hormonally regulated barrier between cytosolic lipases and the neutral lipids within. Consisten ...
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of almost all living organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the membranes surrounding the cell nucleus and other sub-cellular structures. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Lipid bilayers are ideally suited to this role because, even though they are only a few nanometers in width, they are impermeable to most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules. Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by transporting ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps.Biological bilayers are usually composed of amphiphilic phospholipids that have a hydrophilic phosphate head and a hydrophobic tail consisting of two fatty acid chains. Phospholipids with certain head groups can alter the surface chemistry of a bilayer and can, for example, serve as signals as well as ""anchors"" for other molecules in the membranes of cells. Just like the heads, the tails of lipids can also affect membrane properties, for instance by determining the phase of the bilayer. The bilayer can adopt a solid gel phase state at lower temperatures but undergo phase transition to a fluid state at higher temperatures, and the chemical properties of the lipids' tails influence at which temperature this happens. The packing of lipids within the bilayer also affects its mechanical properties, including its resistance to stretching and bending. Many of these properties have been studied with the use of artificial ""model"" bilayers produced in a lab. Vesicles made by model bilayers have also been used clinically to deliver drugs.Biological membranes typically include several types of molecules other than phospholipids. A particularly important example in animal cells is cholesterol, which helps strengthen the bilayer and decrease its permeability. Cholesterol also helps regulate the activity of certain integral membrane proteins. Integral membrane proteins function when incorporated into a lipid bilayer, and they are held tightly to lipid bilayer with the help of an annular lipid shell. Because bilayers define the boundaries of the cell and its compartments, these membrane proteins are involved in many intra- and inter-cellular signaling processes. Certain kinds of membrane proteins are involved in the process of fusing two bilayers together. This fusion allows the joining of two distinct structures as in the fertilization of an egg by sperm or the entry of a virus into a cell. Because lipid bilayers are quite fragile and invisible in a traditional microscope, they are a challenge to study. Experiments on bilayers often require advanced techniques like electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.