Southern Europe
... Europe is a massive continent stretching from Asia to the Atlantic which is split into four ambiguous regions - North, East, South and West. Southern Europe, also called Mediterranean Europe, comprises countries poised on the Iberian and Italian peninsulas and include Spain, Portugal, Southern Franc ...
... Europe is a massive continent stretching from Asia to the Atlantic which is split into four ambiguous regions - North, East, South and West. Southern Europe, also called Mediterranean Europe, comprises countries poised on the Iberian and Italian peninsulas and include Spain, Portugal, Southern Franc ...
Transmission Transmission occurs when spores are introduced into
... Tetanus vaccine is administered at 2, 4 and 6 months with diphtheria, pertussis Hib and hepatitis B and IVP (referred to as the “6-in-1” vaccine). A booster dose is given at 4-5 years and at 11-14 years. Prevention of tetanus is dependent on the administration of five doses of tetanus vaccine at app ...
... Tetanus vaccine is administered at 2, 4 and 6 months with diphtheria, pertussis Hib and hepatitis B and IVP (referred to as the “6-in-1” vaccine). A booster dose is given at 4-5 years and at 11-14 years. Prevention of tetanus is dependent on the administration of five doses of tetanus vaccine at app ...
There are four mainly important genera of gram positive rods
... upper respiratory tract and are transmitted by airborne droplets. ...
... upper respiratory tract and are transmitted by airborne droplets. ...
Toxins produced by gram positive bacteria(2)
... Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxin molecule is a heatlabile polypeptide that is composed of two fragments, A and B. Fragment B binds to susceptible cell membranes and mediates the delivery of fragment A to its target. Inside the cell, fragment A separates from fragment B, and catalyzes a reactio ...
... Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxin molecule is a heatlabile polypeptide that is composed of two fragments, A and B. Fragment B binds to susceptible cell membranes and mediates the delivery of fragment A to its target. Inside the cell, fragment A separates from fragment B, and catalyzes a reactio ...
Laryngo-tracheal Infections
... May be a separate disease or be caused by secondary bacterial infection of viral laryngotrachealbronchitis Also called bacterial tracheitis since it involves trachea predominantly Much more severe illness and much less common More severe respiratory obstruction and artificial airway is often needed ...
... May be a separate disease or be caused by secondary bacterial infection of viral laryngotrachealbronchitis Also called bacterial tracheitis since it involves trachea predominantly Much more severe illness and much less common More severe respiratory obstruction and artificial airway is often needed ...
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
... and is responsible for 50-60% of deaths. • Toxic Neuropathy acutely or 2-3 weeks after onset of oropharyngeal inflammation: - Local paralysis: soft palate, pharynx, larynx, .. - Cranial neuropathies: oculomotor paralysis. - Symmetric polyneuropathy. ...
... and is responsible for 50-60% of deaths. • Toxic Neuropathy acutely or 2-3 weeks after onset of oropharyngeal inflammation: - Local paralysis: soft palate, pharynx, larynx, .. - Cranial neuropathies: oculomotor paralysis. - Symmetric polyneuropathy. ...
Diphtheria, Tetanus and Acellular Pertussis
... which leads to vomiting. The cough may cause breathing to stop for a short period of time. The cough can last for weeks and can make it hard to eat, drink or even breathe. Pertussis is most severe in babies and young children. Serious complications happen most often in babies. Pneumonia can occur in ...
... which leads to vomiting. The cough may cause breathing to stop for a short period of time. The cough can last for weeks and can make it hard to eat, drink or even breathe. Pertussis is most severe in babies and young children. Serious complications happen most often in babies. Pneumonia can occur in ...
year 8 vaccine information fact sheet (PDF 870KB)
... as a pinprick. It cannot pass from person to person. Pertussis, or whooping cough is very easily spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes the bacteria into the air which can then be inhaled by others close by. If untreated, a person with pertussis can infect others for up to three weeks afte ...
... as a pinprick. It cannot pass from person to person. Pertussis, or whooping cough is very easily spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes the bacteria into the air which can then be inhaled by others close by. If untreated, a person with pertussis can infect others for up to three weeks afte ...
Agents that kill or destroy bacteria are said to be The killing or
... Iron is a critical trace element which can influence the growth of a pathogen in a host. ...
... Iron is a critical trace element which can influence the growth of a pathogen in a host. ...
and was responsible for 150,000 reported cases and 5,000 deaths
... and was responsible for 150,000 reported cases and 5,000 deaths. Control was established through mass vaccination programmes. Clinical features Early features include mild fever, swollen neck glands, anorexia, malaise, cough. In classical respiratory diphtheria the patient has a sore throat, enlarge ...
... and was responsible for 150,000 reported cases and 5,000 deaths. Control was established through mass vaccination programmes. Clinical features Early features include mild fever, swollen neck glands, anorexia, malaise, cough. In classical respiratory diphtheria the patient has a sore throat, enlarge ...
lab 2: aseptic technique and transfer of microorganisms
... develops in the upper respiratory tract and involves necrotic injury to epithelial cells. As a result of this injury, blood plasma leaks into the area and a fibrin network forms which is interlaced with rapidly-growing C.diphtheriae cells. This membranous network covers over the site of the local le ...
... develops in the upper respiratory tract and involves necrotic injury to epithelial cells. As a result of this injury, blood plasma leaks into the area and a fibrin network forms which is interlaced with rapidly-growing C.diphtheriae cells. This membranous network covers over the site of the local le ...
Risk-management-plan summary
... Hepatitis B (HepB) remains a major global health problem and the most serious type of viral hepatitis. It is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that attacks the liver and can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) disease. HBV is transmitted ...
... Hepatitis B (HepB) remains a major global health problem and the most serious type of viral hepatitis. It is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that attacks the liver and can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) disease. HBV is transmitted ...
introduction
... develops in the upper respiratory tract and involves necrotic injury to epithelial cells. As a result of this injury, blood plasma leaks into the area and a fibrin network forms which is interlaced with rapidly-growing C.diphtheriae cells. This membranous network covers over the site of the local le ...
... develops in the upper respiratory tract and involves necrotic injury to epithelial cells. As a result of this injury, blood plasma leaks into the area and a fibrin network forms which is interlaced with rapidly-growing C.diphtheriae cells. This membranous network covers over the site of the local le ...
NWFP Immunization Schedule
... Hepatitis B virus affects the liver. Those who are infected can become life-long carriers of the virus and may develop long-term problems such as cirrhosis (liver disease) or cancer of the liver. ...
... Hepatitis B virus affects the liver. Those who are infected can become life-long carriers of the virus and may develop long-term problems such as cirrhosis (liver disease) or cancer of the liver. ...
epidemiology and control of diphtheria and tetanus
... toxoid and persists for at least 10 yrs. after full immunizatn. Recovery from tetanus may not result in immunity. Second attack can occur. ...
... toxoid and persists for at least 10 yrs. after full immunizatn. Recovery from tetanus may not result in immunity. Second attack can occur. ...
Gram Positive Bacilli- Non-Spore Formers (Catalase Positive)
... Non-immunized individuals are susceptible Non-respiratory Systemic form Toxin is absorbed in the blood stream and carried systemically ...
... Non-immunized individuals are susceptible Non-respiratory Systemic form Toxin is absorbed in the blood stream and carried systemically ...
05. Diphtheria
... In chronic/recurrent cases (generally defined as seven episodes of tonsillitis in the preceding year, five episodes in each of the preceding two years or three episodes in each of the preceding three years), or in acute cases where the palatine tonsils become so swollen that swallowing is impaired, ...
... In chronic/recurrent cases (generally defined as seven episodes of tonsillitis in the preceding year, five episodes in each of the preceding two years or three episodes in each of the preceding three years), or in acute cases where the palatine tonsils become so swollen that swallowing is impaired, ...
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Hepatitis B, Polio
... Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Hepatitis B, Polio, and Haemophilus Influenzae type b vaccine 1. What are Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Polio and Haemophilus Influenzae type b Diphtheria is caused by bacteria that infect the nose and throat. These bacteria release a p ...
... Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Hepatitis B, Polio, and Haemophilus Influenzae type b vaccine 1. What are Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Polio and Haemophilus Influenzae type b Diphtheria is caused by bacteria that infect the nose and throat. These bacteria release a p ...
Fatal case of diphtheria in an unvaccinated infant
... Ten days after his arrival the man became ill with fever, shivers, headaches, and constipation. Without consulting a general practitioner he went to hospital and was admitted with a continuing high temperature, on 16 October, where typhoid fever was confirmed on blood culture. The case was reported ...
... Ten days after his arrival the man became ill with fever, shivers, headaches, and constipation. Without consulting a general practitioner he went to hospital and was admitted with a continuing high temperature, on 16 October, where typhoid fever was confirmed on blood culture. The case was reported ...
Diphtheria
Diphtheria (from Greek: διφθέρα diphthera, meaning leather) is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe. They usually start two to five days after exposure. Symptoms often come on fairly gradually beginning with a sore throat and fever. In severe cases a grey or white patch develops in the throat. This can block the airway and create a barking cough as in croup. The neck may swell in part due to large lymph nodes. A form of diphtheria that involves the skin, eyes, or genitals also exists. Complications may include myocarditis, inflammation of nerves, kidney problems, and bleeding problems due to low blood platelets. Myocarditis may result in an abnormal heart rate and inflammation of the nerves may result in paralysis.Diphtheria is usually spread between people by direct contact or through the air. It may also be spread by contaminated objects. Some people carry the bacteria without having symptoms, but can still spread the disease to others. There are three main types of C. diphtheriae causing different severities of disease. The symptoms are due to a toxin produced by the bacteria. Diagnosis can often be made based on the appearance of the throat with confirmation by culture. Previous infection may not prevent against future infection.A vaccine, known as diphtheria toxoid, is effective for prevention and available in a number of formulations. Three or four doses, given along with tetanus toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine, are recommended during childhood. Further doses are recommended every ten years. Protection can be verified by measuring the antitoxin level in the blood. Treatment is with the antibiotic erythromycin or penicillin G. These antibiotics may also be used for prevention in those who have been exposed to the infection. A surgical procedure known as a tracheostomy is sometimes needed to open the airway in severe cases.In 2013, 4,700 cases were officially reported, down from nearly 100,000 in 1980. It is believed, however, that about a million cases occurred per year before the 1980s. It currently occurs most often in Sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Indonesia. In 2013, it resulted in 3,300 deaths down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. In areas where it is still common, children are most affected. It is rare in the developed world due to widespread vaccination. In the United States 57 cases were reported between 1980 and 2004. Death occurs in between 5% and 10% of those affected. The disease was first described in the 5th century BCE by Hippocrates. The bacteria was discovered in 1882 by Edwin Klebs.