The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll plastid preparations were shown to be capable of synthesizing acetyl-CoA, not only via acetyl-CoA synthetase, but also via the pyruvate dehydroge nase complex, th ...
... tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll plastid preparations were shown to be capable of synthesizing acetyl-CoA, not only via acetyl-CoA synthetase, but also via the pyruvate dehydroge nase complex, th ...
CHAPTER 2 Nitric oxide inhibits glycogen synthesis in - UvA-DARE
... glutamatee was tested. The level of this amino acid was not affected by SNAP, nor was proline-induccdd cell swelling (data not shown). Subsequently,, the effect of SNAP on the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase andd on glycogen synthase was measured in a cell extract. For this purpose we used ...
... glutamatee was tested. The level of this amino acid was not affected by SNAP, nor was proline-induccdd cell swelling (data not shown). Subsequently,, the effect of SNAP on the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase andd on glycogen synthase was measured in a cell extract. For this purpose we used ...
Synthesis of Inorganic Nanostructures in Reverse Micelles
... nanoparticle formation. It may be pointed out that many ideas based on bulk nucleation and growth models may not be valid any more for the particle formation in these dynamic compartmentalized media. However, if the involved reaction is very slow (e.g., the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane to produce ...
... nanoparticle formation. It may be pointed out that many ideas based on bulk nucleation and growth models may not be valid any more for the particle formation in these dynamic compartmentalized media. However, if the involved reaction is very slow (e.g., the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane to produce ...
REGULATION OF KETONE BODY AND COENZYME A
... of the nonesterified fatty acids carbons going down β-oxidation) enters the βhydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) cycle and produces ketone bodies (1). 1.1.3 Ketone body utilization in peripheral tissues For a long time, ketone bodies were regarded as harmful because high concentrations of acidic ...
... of the nonesterified fatty acids carbons going down β-oxidation) enters the βhydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) cycle and produces ketone bodies (1). 1.1.3 Ketone body utilization in peripheral tissues For a long time, ketone bodies were regarded as harmful because high concentrations of acidic ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: N
... phosphate (PMP). A different a-keto acid reacts with PMP and the process reverses, to complete the reaction. ...
... phosphate (PMP). A different a-keto acid reacts with PMP and the process reverses, to complete the reaction. ...
NPTEL-Module-1: Introduction to Bioorganic Chemistry Dr. S. S. Bag
... biradical specis via Bergman cyclization. In addition to that neocarzinostatin (NCS) chromophore which does not contain the classical conjugated enediyne system also demonstrated very similar DNA cleavage mechanism via the generation biradical species through the MyersSaito cyclization. The enediyne ...
... biradical specis via Bergman cyclization. In addition to that neocarzinostatin (NCS) chromophore which does not contain the classical conjugated enediyne system also demonstrated very similar DNA cleavage mechanism via the generation biradical species through the MyersSaito cyclization. The enediyne ...
Ryoji Noyori - Nobel Lecture
... forming any waste. Hydrogenation was initiated at the end of the 19th century by P. Sabatier (1912 Nobel laureate) who used fine metal particles as heterogeneous catalysts. Some notable achievements that attracted me, before doing research in this area, include: activation of H2 by a transition meta ...
... forming any waste. Hydrogenation was initiated at the end of the 19th century by P. Sabatier (1912 Nobel laureate) who used fine metal particles as heterogeneous catalysts. Some notable achievements that attracted me, before doing research in this area, include: activation of H2 by a transition meta ...
Cleavage, Deprotection and Isolation of Peptides after Fmoc Synthesis
... DRY, SUPPORT-BOUND PEPTIDE ...
... DRY, SUPPORT-BOUND PEPTIDE ...
Regulation of Urea Synthesis by Agmatine in the Perfused Liver
... urea cycle by Krebs and Henseleit in 1932 (20). The first and most critical step in urea synthesis is the conversion of NH4+ and HCO3 - into carbamoyl phosphate by mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I), ( EC 6.3.5.5) (8, 13, 16, 25), which requires N-acetylglutamate (NAG) as an obli ...
... urea cycle by Krebs and Henseleit in 1932 (20). The first and most critical step in urea synthesis is the conversion of NH4+ and HCO3 - into carbamoyl phosphate by mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I), ( EC 6.3.5.5) (8, 13, 16, 25), which requires N-acetylglutamate (NAG) as an obli ...
Metal Complexes Containing Natural and Artificial Radioactive
... compounds. Actinides form various Anm+ (m = 2–4) and AnO2m+ (m = 1, 2) ions containing only f electrons. The shielding by f electrons causes the contraction of the An3+ ions and the magnitude of the actinide contraction along the series to be parallel to that of the lanthanide contraction. Differenc ...
... compounds. Actinides form various Anm+ (m = 2–4) and AnO2m+ (m = 1, 2) ions containing only f electrons. The shielding by f electrons causes the contraction of the An3+ ions and the magnitude of the actinide contraction along the series to be parallel to that of the lanthanide contraction. Differenc ...
Lysine Inhibition of in vivo Homocitrate Synthesis in
... chromatogram corresponding to these peaks were cut out and counted in a Beckman scintillation spectrometer, with toluene scintillation fluid [4 g of Omnifluor (New England Nuclear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) in I 1 reagent-grade toluene]. We have used the incorporation of labelled acetate into h ...
... chromatogram corresponding to these peaks were cut out and counted in a Beckman scintillation spectrometer, with toluene scintillation fluid [4 g of Omnifluor (New England Nuclear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) in I 1 reagent-grade toluene]. We have used the incorporation of labelled acetate into h ...
Structure and Function of Mammalian Ribosomes
... synthesis (Lamfrom & Glowacki, 1962 : Lazda & Noll, personal communication). In 1968 Schweet and coworkers reported that reticulocyte ribosomes pelleted after treatment with 0.5 ~-Kc1 were still competent in poly U-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis, and, if supplied with the “KC1 extract”, these ...
... synthesis (Lamfrom & Glowacki, 1962 : Lazda & Noll, personal communication). In 1968 Schweet and coworkers reported that reticulocyte ribosomes pelleted after treatment with 0.5 ~-Kc1 were still competent in poly U-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis, and, if supplied with the “KC1 extract”, these ...
A re-evaluation of the ATP :NADPH budget
... aconitase and NADP-ICDH (4b; Chen and Gadal, 1990). For pyruvate production via NAD-ME, it is assumed that the high-affinity mitochondrial OAA transporter ( Ebbighausen et al., 1985) competes effectively with cytosolic MDH so that OAA is transported into the mitochondrion before being reduced to mal ...
... aconitase and NADP-ICDH (4b; Chen and Gadal, 1990). For pyruvate production via NAD-ME, it is assumed that the high-affinity mitochondrial OAA transporter ( Ebbighausen et al., 1985) competes effectively with cytosolic MDH so that OAA is transported into the mitochondrion before being reduced to mal ...
Glycerol is a major substrate for glucose, glycogen, and
... changes in gluconeogenic flux and enzyme activities follow hormonal cues (Pearce, 1971, 1977; Lu et al., 2007; Sunny and Bequette, 2010), with a parallel increase in blood glucose from 6 to 8 mM in premature embryos to 10 to 12 mM by 2 to 3 wk posthatch (Hazelwood, 1971). Similarly, tissue glycogen ...
... changes in gluconeogenic flux and enzyme activities follow hormonal cues (Pearce, 1971, 1977; Lu et al., 2007; Sunny and Bequette, 2010), with a parallel increase in blood glucose from 6 to 8 mM in premature embryos to 10 to 12 mM by 2 to 3 wk posthatch (Hazelwood, 1971). Similarly, tissue glycogen ...
The Role of Organosulfur Compounds in the Growth of PbS
... of heating ODE to 210 °C in the absence of elemental sulfur. Heating was done in a roundbottom flask while stirring with a magnetic stir bar under a dry N2 atmosphere. We periodically removed aliquots and monitored the molecular structure by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in the same manner as for S/ODE precur ...
... of heating ODE to 210 °C in the absence of elemental sulfur. Heating was done in a roundbottom flask while stirring with a magnetic stir bar under a dry N2 atmosphere. We periodically removed aliquots and monitored the molecular structure by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in the same manner as for S/ODE precur ...
25. biosynthesis of lipids
... The fatty acid synthase system from E.coli consists of 7 separate polypeptides (and hence 7 different active sites) that are tightly associated in a single, organized complex (Table 25–1). The proteins act together to catalyze the formation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonylCoA. Throughout t ...
... The fatty acid synthase system from E.coli consists of 7 separate polypeptides (and hence 7 different active sites) that are tightly associated in a single, organized complex (Table 25–1). The proteins act together to catalyze the formation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonylCoA. Throughout t ...
(LPT1) and humans (LPCAT3)
... The Kennedy pathway or glycerol -3- phosphate pathway is the de novo route for intracellular triglyceride synthesis (Kennedy 1961). Initial steps of this pathway are common for triglyceride and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. The Kennedy pathway requires glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acyl-CoA as ...
... The Kennedy pathway or glycerol -3- phosphate pathway is the de novo route for intracellular triglyceride synthesis (Kennedy 1961). Initial steps of this pathway are common for triglyceride and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. The Kennedy pathway requires glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acyl-CoA as ...
Impaired glycogen synthesis causes metabolic
... 2002). The additional (starch-type) glycogen synthase (sll1393) is referred as glgA2, according to the annotated homologue in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Complete inhibition of glycogen synthesis was achieved by mutagenesis of either AGPase (DglgC) or simultaneous inactivation of both glycogen synth ...
... 2002). The additional (starch-type) glycogen synthase (sll1393) is referred as glgA2, according to the annotated homologue in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Complete inhibition of glycogen synthesis was achieved by mutagenesis of either AGPase (DglgC) or simultaneous inactivation of both glycogen synth ...
metabolism - Garland Science
... metabolic reactions requiring very different conditions to occur simultaneously in the same cell. Second, it allows pathways and reactions that take place in more than one compartment to proceed with opposite net fluxes and at different rates in the same cell at the same time. Third, it provides a m ...
... metabolic reactions requiring very different conditions to occur simultaneously in the same cell. Second, it allows pathways and reactions that take place in more than one compartment to proceed with opposite net fluxes and at different rates in the same cell at the same time. Third, it provides a m ...
The Intermediary Metabolism of Cholesterol
... concentration of reaction products and reactants respectively, synthesis and degradation of the metabolite taking place concurrently. Since steroid synthesis has so far been observed only in systems containing intact cells, i.e., under steady-state conditions, it is clear that the tracer technic is ...
... concentration of reaction products and reactants respectively, synthesis and degradation of the metabolite taking place concurrently. Since steroid synthesis has so far been observed only in systems containing intact cells, i.e., under steady-state conditions, it is clear that the tracer technic is ...
CH - IS MU
... is nonessential and glucogenic – nonessential – synthesis from serine (methionine supplies the sulfur atom) – glucogenic – cysteine is converted into pyruvate (sulfur atom is released as SO32–, HS–, or SCN–) ...
... is nonessential and glucogenic – nonessential – synthesis from serine (methionine supplies the sulfur atom) – glucogenic – cysteine is converted into pyruvate (sulfur atom is released as SO32–, HS–, or SCN–) ...
Levy APS - Indiana University Bloomington
... substitution but to a more modest degree. Most notably, the amino acids that border these four residues were relatively insensitive to substitution and support the report that this region of glucagon is prone to alpha-helix formation (4). The directional changes in bioactivity at the two receptors w ...
... substitution but to a more modest degree. Most notably, the amino acids that border these four residues were relatively insensitive to substitution and support the report that this region of glucagon is prone to alpha-helix formation (4). The directional changes in bioactivity at the two receptors w ...
Cholesterol
... e.g., hypolipidemic drugs, e.g., clofibrate; plasticizers, e.g., phthalate (DEHP); endogenous steroids formed by the adrenal glands e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone. ...
... e.g., hypolipidemic drugs, e.g., clofibrate; plasticizers, e.g., phthalate (DEHP); endogenous steroids formed by the adrenal glands e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone. ...
Amino Acid-Protecting Groups
... requires manipulation. Another cornerstone in this field was when Barany et al.5,6 described the concept of orthogonality, in the sense that the two or more protecting groups belong to independent classes and are removed by distinct mechanisms. The groups can be removed therefore in any order and in ...
... requires manipulation. Another cornerstone in this field was when Barany et al.5,6 described the concept of orthogonality, in the sense that the two or more protecting groups belong to independent classes and are removed by distinct mechanisms. The groups can be removed therefore in any order and in ...
Oligonucleotide synthesis
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence). The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence. Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not suffer from this limitation, although it is, most often, carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction. Currently, the process is implemented as solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dA, dC, dG, and T), ribonucleosides (A, C, G, and U), or chemically modified nucleosides, e.g. LNA, BNA.To obtain the desired oligonucleotide, the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product (see Synthetic cycle below). The process has been fully automated since the late 1970s. Upon the completion of the chain assembly, the product is released from the solid phase to solution, deprotected, and collected. The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized. Products are often isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain the desired oligonucleotides in high purity. Typically, synthetic oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15–25 bases in length.Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites, and for the synthesis of artificial genes.