Solar Changes and the Climate
... on the sun's surface as well as radiation storms that can wreck havoc with satellites and electric grids), but that cycle changes the total amount of energy reaching Earth by only about 0.1 percent (though this latest unusually weak minimum the drop was 0.15%). This has presented a conundrum for met ...
... on the sun's surface as well as radiation storms that can wreck havoc with satellites and electric grids), but that cycle changes the total amount of energy reaching Earth by only about 0.1 percent (though this latest unusually weak minimum the drop was 0.15%). This has presented a conundrum for met ...
CME - ASU
... Modeled temperature profiles in a Venus-like CO2-rich thermosphere of an Earth-size and -mass planet as a function of altitude for different XUV flux values. The short horizontal lines mark the exobase altitudes, and the dotted line shows the blowoff temperature for atomic hydrogen. ...
... Modeled temperature profiles in a Venus-like CO2-rich thermosphere of an Earth-size and -mass planet as a function of altitude for different XUV flux values. The short horizontal lines mark the exobase altitudes, and the dotted line shows the blowoff temperature for atomic hydrogen. ...
imaging_wkshp_all - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
... The Solar Wind: Initial UVCS results • In June 1996, the first measurements of heavy ion (e.g., O+5) line emission in the extended corona revealed surprisingly wide line profiles . . . ...
... The Solar Wind: Initial UVCS results • In June 1996, the first measurements of heavy ion (e.g., O+5) line emission in the extended corona revealed surprisingly wide line profiles . . . ...
Discrimination of exoplanetary and stellar radio flux
... It is due to thermal emission from regions of hot and dense plasma (e.g. over sunspots). It leads to flux density variations of a factor of two in the decimetric and centimetric wavelength range with 27 days period (due to the solar rotation). It is frequently circularly polarized. Noise storms Duri ...
... It is due to thermal emission from regions of hot and dense plasma (e.g. over sunspots). It leads to flux density variations of a factor of two in the decimetric and centimetric wavelength range with 27 days period (due to the solar rotation). It is frequently circularly polarized. Noise storms Duri ...
Solar System Stroll - Madison Metropolitan School District
... routinely run up against the problems of scale and of large numbers that are often not encountered in other science lessons. Yet, the vast amounts of geologic time involved in the evolution of our planet and the astounding distances involved just within “our own” galaxy, are crucial prerequisites fo ...
... routinely run up against the problems of scale and of large numbers that are often not encountered in other science lessons. Yet, the vast amounts of geologic time involved in the evolution of our planet and the astounding distances involved just within “our own” galaxy, are crucial prerequisites fo ...
The Aurora
... atomic oxygen line at 557.7 nm, 100-200 Km altitude Red colour atomic oxygen spectral triplet at 630.0, 636.4, 639.1 nm, >200 Km altitude, protons Violet or Blue colour km altitude ...
... atomic oxygen line at 557.7 nm, 100-200 Km altitude Red colour atomic oxygen spectral triplet at 630.0, 636.4, 639.1 nm, >200 Km altitude, protons Violet or Blue colour km altitude ...
The Solar Nebula - Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School
... dozens of satellites, planetary ring systems, and thousands of asteroids and comets. The planets can be broken up into two distinct groups: the inner rocky terrestrials and the outer gaseous Jovians, plus Pluto, which fits into neither category. In order to understand the composition of the Solar Sy ...
... dozens of satellites, planetary ring systems, and thousands of asteroids and comets. The planets can be broken up into two distinct groups: the inner rocky terrestrials and the outer gaseous Jovians, plus Pluto, which fits into neither category. In order to understand the composition of the Solar Sy ...
PDF
... to characterize the solar corona over the Carrington rotation 2066 occurred during deep solar minimum for the range of coronal heights from 1.5 to 4 R⊙ and provided description of the open/close magnetic field boundaries in the solar corona. In this paper, we apply this method to study global solar ...
... to characterize the solar corona over the Carrington rotation 2066 occurred during deep solar minimum for the range of coronal heights from 1.5 to 4 R⊙ and provided description of the open/close magnetic field boundaries in the solar corona. In this paper, we apply this method to study global solar ...
Particle precipitation influence in the conductivity of the auroral
... from classical equations, by assuming collision frequencies, gyrofrequencies, magnetic field, etc; iv) integrate σP and σH in altitude to determine the respective conductances ΣP and ΣH . However, this physical concept is significantly limited by the practical procedures and assumptions to construct ...
... from classical equations, by assuming collision frequencies, gyrofrequencies, magnetic field, etc; iv) integrate σP and σH in altitude to determine the respective conductances ΣP and ΣH . However, this physical concept is significantly limited by the practical procedures and assumptions to construct ...
A Novel Forecasting System for Solar Particle Events and Flares
... total sample of well defined events in our newly constructed database (i.e. 20429; this number was deduced from the initial flare sample, excluding flares with missing information). One may notice the relative lack of SEPs in the case of eastern and relatively weak flares whereas the majority of str ...
... total sample of well defined events in our newly constructed database (i.e. 20429; this number was deduced from the initial flare sample, excluding flares with missing information). One may notice the relative lack of SEPs in the case of eastern and relatively weak flares whereas the majority of str ...
Chapter 8: Formation of the solar system 8.1 The Search for Origins
... collisions between particles in a spinning cloud. The random motions of the original cloud therefore become more orderly as the cloud collapses changing the clouds original lumpy shape into a rotating flattened disk o Similarly collisions between clumps of material in highly elliptical orbits reduce ...
... collisions between particles in a spinning cloud. The random motions of the original cloud therefore become more orderly as the cloud collapses changing the clouds original lumpy shape into a rotating flattened disk o Similarly collisions between clumps of material in highly elliptical orbits reduce ...
Coronal Mass Ejections and Angular Momentum Loss in Young Stars
... evident. Fortunately for Earth, our nearest stellar neighbor is relatively quiet, exhibiting activity levels several orders of magnitude lower than young, solar-type stars. In protoplanetary systems, stellar magnetic phenomena observed are analogous to the solar case, but dramatically enhanced on al ...
... evident. Fortunately for Earth, our nearest stellar neighbor is relatively quiet, exhibiting activity levels several orders of magnitude lower than young, solar-type stars. In protoplanetary systems, stellar magnetic phenomena observed are analogous to the solar case, but dramatically enhanced on al ...
A breath of oxygen for the Sun
... The present detailed analysis reveals that the decrease in the derived solar oxygen abundance from the value of about A(O)=8.9 to the one of Holweger (2001), A(O) = 8.73, is due to an improvement in the atomic data and a result of taking into account deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium ( ...
... The present detailed analysis reveals that the decrease in the derived solar oxygen abundance from the value of about A(O)=8.9 to the one of Holweger (2001), A(O) = 8.73, is due to an improvement in the atomic data and a result of taking into account deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium ( ...
Multidimensional and inhomogeneity effects on scattering
... profiles have complex shapes which vary strongly with the line of sight. Note that the spatial distribution has been smeared with a 0.5”-wide mean filter in order to account for the finite resolving power of today’s ground based instruments. It is important to notice that Stokes Q is enhanced near the ...
... profiles have complex shapes which vary strongly with the line of sight. Note that the spatial distribution has been smeared with a 0.5”-wide mean filter in order to account for the finite resolving power of today’s ground based instruments. It is important to notice that Stokes Q is enhanced near the ...
Cosmic Rays and Plasma Astrophysics
... particle originated. The gyroradius of a 1012 eV proton in the interplanetary field of about 1 nT (i.e., 10–9 T) is about 20 AU (1 AU is the distance from the Sun to the Earth, which is 1.50108 km). Thus, particles below this energy will be strongly deflected by the magnetic field and their directi ...
... particle originated. The gyroradius of a 1012 eV proton in the interplanetary field of about 1 nT (i.e., 10–9 T) is about 20 AU (1 AU is the distance from the Sun to the Earth, which is 1.50108 km). Thus, particles below this energy will be strongly deflected by the magnetic field and their directi ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... The role of the supernova in the formation of planet systems of the solar type is determined by two factors. The supernova explosion, which is accompanied by the ejection of a tremendous mass of material, can be a trigger mechanism for collapse of the molecular cloud. Furthermore, the molecular clou ...
... The role of the supernova in the formation of planet systems of the solar type is determined by two factors. The supernova explosion, which is accompanied by the ejection of a tremendous mass of material, can be a trigger mechanism for collapse of the molecular cloud. Furthermore, the molecular clou ...
nearest star
... this solar atmosphere on the Earth and the space around Earth. Unlike other stars, which are mere points in the sky, the Sun is so close that we can see its surface. We see sunspots form and gigantic explosive events erupt out toward the Earth. Thanks to careful measurements of the Sun’s surface mot ...
... this solar atmosphere on the Earth and the space around Earth. Unlike other stars, which are mere points in the sky, the Sun is so close that we can see its surface. We see sunspots form and gigantic explosive events erupt out toward the Earth. Thanks to careful measurements of the Sun’s surface mot ...
bution of Solar Proton Events Affecting the Earth E
... larger intensity relative to other events through the entire evolution process including the rising phase and the decay phase (see the results, such as Figure 2 and Figure 3, in [3]). Generally, the probability of the SEP events being observed by spacecraft near Earth’s orbit depends on the intensit ...
... larger intensity relative to other events through the entire evolution process including the rising phase and the decay phase (see the results, such as Figure 2 and Figure 3, in [3]). Generally, the probability of the SEP events being observed by spacecraft near Earth’s orbit depends on the intensit ...
The prominent 1.6-year periodicity in solar motion due to the inner
... i.e. the difference is about 700 km. This is more, for example, than the depth of the solar photosphere, which is considered to be about 300–500 km. The distance of the Sun’s centre due to the giant planets reaches up to 1.51×106 km, so that a contribution of the inner planets, which goes up to 808. ...
... i.e. the difference is about 700 km. This is more, for example, than the depth of the solar photosphere, which is considered to be about 300–500 km. The distance of the Sun’s centre due to the giant planets reaches up to 1.51×106 km, so that a contribution of the inner planets, which goes up to 808. ...
Chapter 11 The Solar Wind
... when it was 94 AU from the Sun (Figure 11.5). Voyager 2 went through the termination shock in 2006 May, when it was only 76 AU from the Sun; this gives a idea of the non-sphericity of the termination shock. ...
... when it was 94 AU from the Sun (Figure 11.5). Voyager 2 went through the termination shock in 2006 May, when it was only 76 AU from the Sun; this gives a idea of the non-sphericity of the termination shock. ...
259_1.pdf
... A noticeable difference between the two solutions is the shape of the total electron distributions. Their reduced distributions in the parallel direction are shown in Fig. 1. We see that the total electron distribution deviates from a Maxwellian when KSEE is included. The formation of a significant ...
... A noticeable difference between the two solutions is the shape of the total electron distributions. Their reduced distributions in the parallel direction are shown in Fig. 1. We see that the total electron distribution deviates from a Maxwellian when KSEE is included. The formation of a significant ...
A straightforward estimation of the maximum sunspot number for
... predicted a sunspot maximum number for cycle 23 of 170 25. More recently Schatten et al. (1996) predicted a lower value of 138 30. Ohl (1966) found that geomagnetic activity during the last years of the solar cycle could be useful for predicting the next cycle. Later Simon and Legrand (1986) det ...
... predicted a sunspot maximum number for cycle 23 of 170 25. More recently Schatten et al. (1996) predicted a lower value of 138 30. Ohl (1966) found that geomagnetic activity during the last years of the solar cycle could be useful for predicting the next cycle. Later Simon and Legrand (1986) det ...
Solar phenomena
Solar phenomena are the natural phenomena occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the Sun. These phenomena take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, energy bursts such as solar flares, coronal mass ejection or solar eruptions, coronal heating and sunspots.These phenomena are generated by a helical dynamo near the center of the Sun's mass that generates strong magnetic fields and a chaotic dynamo near the surface that generates smaller magnetic field fluctuations.The sum of all solar fluctuations is referred to as solar variation. The collective effect of all solar variations within the Sun's gravitational field is referred to as space weather. A major weather component is the solar wind, a stream of plasma released from the Sun's upper atmosphere. It is responsible for the aurora, natural light displays in the sky in the Arctic and Antarctic. Space weather disturbances can cause solar storms on Earth, disrupting communications, as well as geomagnetic storms in Earth's magnetosphere and sudden ionospheric disturbances in the ionosphere. Variations in solar intensity also affect Earth's climate. These variations can explain events such as ice ages and the Great Oxygenation Event, while the Sun's future expansion into a red giant will likely end life on Earth.Solar activity and related events have been recorded since the 8th century BCE. Babylonians inscribed and possibly predicted solar eclipses, while the earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese Book of Changes, c. 800 BCE. The first extant description of the solar corona was in 968, while the earliest sunspot drawing was in 1128 and a solar prominence was described in 1185 in the Russian Chronicle of Novgorod. The invention of the telescope allowed major advances in understanding, allowing the first detailed observations in the 1600s. Solar spectroscopy began in the 1800s, from which properties of the solar atmosphere could be determined, while the creation of daguerreotypy led to the first solar photographs on 2 April 1845. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Early in the 20th century, interest in astrophysics surged in America. A number of new observatories were built with solar telescopes around the world. The 1931 invention of the coronagraph allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.