Contextual modulation and stimulus selectivity in extrastriate cortex
... orientation) that comprise her portrait. This selectivity and invariance is common in high-level cortical areas (Desimone et al., 1984; Tsunoda et al., 2001), but virtually unheard of in lower ones, where cells respond to any stimulus containing an appropriate angle or hue (Hubel & Wiesel, 1968; Lev ...
... orientation) that comprise her portrait. This selectivity and invariance is common in high-level cortical areas (Desimone et al., 1984; Tsunoda et al., 2001), but virtually unheard of in lower ones, where cells respond to any stimulus containing an appropriate angle or hue (Hubel & Wiesel, 1968; Lev ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... superficial pyramidal cells up to the next higher cortical level to update internal models (reviewed in detail Friston, 2005; Clark, 2013). Several models in which neurons engage in probabilistic processing in order to infer the causes of their inputs have been proposed (e.g., Rao and Ballard, 1999; ...
... superficial pyramidal cells up to the next higher cortical level to update internal models (reviewed in detail Friston, 2005; Clark, 2013). Several models in which neurons engage in probabilistic processing in order to infer the causes of their inputs have been proposed (e.g., Rao and Ballard, 1999; ...
Klasyfikacja ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases)
... implanted [4]. The state, in which one's own lens is replaced by an artificial one is called pseudophakia [5]. The most commonly implanted artificial monofocal lens has no accommodating property, and its optical power is usually selected in such a way that the patient does not need to use any correc ...
... implanted [4]. The state, in which one's own lens is replaced by an artificial one is called pseudophakia [5]. The most commonly implanted artificial monofocal lens has no accommodating property, and its optical power is usually selected in such a way that the patient does not need to use any correc ...
Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex Jody C
... tools for mapping the human brain. Neuroimaging has been particularly successful in mapping cortical visual areas in the human occipital [1] and temporal [2] lobes. The human parietal lobes (excluding somatosensory regions, which are not discussed here), which traditionally fall into the category of ...
... tools for mapping the human brain. Neuroimaging has been particularly successful in mapping cortical visual areas in the human occipital [1] and temporal [2] lobes. The human parietal lobes (excluding somatosensory regions, which are not discussed here), which traditionally fall into the category of ...
Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... evoked by the same stimulus are expected to contain such synchronous episodes much more frequently than responses evoked by different stimuli. To test this prediction, we investigated response synchronization in the middle temporal area (area V5 or MT) of alert fixating macaque monkeys. This area is ...
... evoked by the same stimulus are expected to contain such synchronous episodes much more frequently than responses evoked by different stimuli. To test this prediction, we investigated response synchronization in the middle temporal area (area V5 or MT) of alert fixating macaque monkeys. This area is ...
Vision`s First Steps: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception in the
... Inner nuclear layer: contains three classes of neurons: horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells. Horizontal cells have their bodies in the inner nuclear layer and connect to photoreceptors (through chemical synapses) and other horizontal cells (through gap junctions) in the outer plexifo ...
... Inner nuclear layer: contains three classes of neurons: horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells. Horizontal cells have their bodies in the inner nuclear layer and connect to photoreceptors (through chemical synapses) and other horizontal cells (through gap junctions) in the outer plexifo ...
Large-Field Visual Motion Directly Induces an Involuntary Rapid
... following responses to the visual motion. Abrupt visual motion entrained arm movement without affecting perceptual target localization, and the degrees of motion coherence and speed of the visual stimulus modulated this arm response. This visuomotor behavior was still observed when the visual motion ...
... following responses to the visual motion. Abrupt visual motion entrained arm movement without affecting perceptual target localization, and the degrees of motion coherence and speed of the visual stimulus modulated this arm response. This visuomotor behavior was still observed when the visual motion ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the primary thalamic nucleus that relays visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1) and has been extensively studied in non-human primates. A key feature of the LGN is the segregation of retinal inputs into different cellular layers c ...
... The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the primary thalamic nucleus that relays visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1) and has been extensively studied in non-human primates. A key feature of the LGN is the segregation of retinal inputs into different cellular layers c ...
cortico-cortical feedback controls spatial summation in
... RF size is arguably one of the most fundamental properties of visual neurons and this study demonstrates, for the first time, that even such fundamental property is regulated by corticocortical feedback. The majority (76%) of the light-modulated single-units with well-defined RF showed an increase i ...
... RF size is arguably one of the most fundamental properties of visual neurons and this study demonstrates, for the first time, that even such fundamental property is regulated by corticocortical feedback. The majority (76%) of the light-modulated single-units with well-defined RF showed an increase i ...
Selective amplification of the S
... The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the primary thalamic nucleus that relays visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1) and has been extensively studied in non-human primates. A key feature of the LGN is the segregation of retinal inputs into different cellular layers c ...
... The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the primary thalamic nucleus that relays visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1) and has been extensively studied in non-human primates. A key feature of the LGN is the segregation of retinal inputs into different cellular layers c ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
pdf - Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center
... inferior parietal cortex (at the temporoparietal junction), cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These areas were active during processing of both the rare, task-relevant target stimuli that necessitated a motor response and the rare, task-irrelevant novel/distracter stimuli for which no b ...
... inferior parietal cortex (at the temporoparietal junction), cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These areas were active during processing of both the rare, task-relevant target stimuli that necessitated a motor response and the rare, task-irrelevant novel/distracter stimuli for which no b ...
The Human Expression of Symmetry: Art and - Smith
... unaware of the accuracy of the symmetric placement. Overall, there is no bias in either which eye was centered or whether the face was turned left or right. Thus, the symmetry of eye placement seemed to be a core principle rather than a manifestation of some other asymmetry. How rapidly is symmetry ...
... unaware of the accuracy of the symmetric placement. Overall, there is no bias in either which eye was centered or whether the face was turned left or right. Thus, the symmetry of eye placement seemed to be a core principle rather than a manifestation of some other asymmetry. How rapidly is symmetry ...
Stimuluslocked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid
... (ii) had a magnitude that was predictive of reaction time; (iii) was tuned to target location in a manner appropriate for moving the arm towards the target; and (iv) was more prevalent in shoulder muscles than elbow muscles. These results provide evidence for a rapid neural pathway linking visual in ...
... (ii) had a magnitude that was predictive of reaction time; (iii) was tuned to target location in a manner appropriate for moving the arm towards the target; and (iv) was more prevalent in shoulder muscles than elbow muscles. These results provide evidence for a rapid neural pathway linking visual in ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... maker for generating oriented stimuli that were also presented via mirror galvanometers. A third stimulus, the small fixation point (0.25’ ) at the center of the screen, was generated by a stationary LED projector. A fixation point could be placed anywhere on the screen by using one of the optic ben ...
... maker for generating oriented stimuli that were also presented via mirror galvanometers. A third stimulus, the small fixation point (0.25’ ) at the center of the screen, was generated by a stationary LED projector. A fixation point could be placed anywhere on the screen by using one of the optic ben ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... the upper bank and fundus of the STS (Hikosaka, Iwai, Saito, & Tanaka, 1988; Bruce, Desimone, & Gross, 1981) and also in the lower bank of the STS (Benevento, Fallon, Davis, & Rezak, 1977). Benevento et al. (1977) estimated that the proportion of neurons in both banks of the STS that have both audit ...
... the upper bank and fundus of the STS (Hikosaka, Iwai, Saito, & Tanaka, 1988; Bruce, Desimone, & Gross, 1981) and also in the lower bank of the STS (Benevento, Fallon, Davis, & Rezak, 1977). Benevento et al. (1977) estimated that the proportion of neurons in both banks of the STS that have both audit ...
Attention as a decision in information space
... decisions need not be expressed in LIP, suggesting that this area ‘‘reads out’’ decision computations only in variable, task-specific manner. In a subsequent series of experiments we asked whether, in addition to responding to salient visual stimuli, LIP is also important for effortful, top-down att ...
... decisions need not be expressed in LIP, suggesting that this area ‘‘reads out’’ decision computations only in variable, task-specific manner. In a subsequent series of experiments we asked whether, in addition to responding to salient visual stimuli, LIP is also important for effortful, top-down att ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
A Dynamic Field Theory of Visual Recognition in Infant Looking... Gregor Schöner Sammy Perone () and John P. Spencer ()
... consistent with exclusive categorization. This looking behavior occurred because the distant test probe excited neurons in the perceptual layer not associated with a strong long-term memory representation. Consequently, the model was not able to build a robust working memory of the far test probe an ...
... consistent with exclusive categorization. This looking behavior occurred because the distant test probe excited neurons in the perceptual layer not associated with a strong long-term memory representation. Consequently, the model was not able to build a robust working memory of the far test probe an ...
Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a
... tuning curves, show varying selectivity in a topographic organization (Figure 2). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of two-photon imaging and spike inference in measuring receptive fields across a contiguous brain network in vivo. ...
... tuning curves, show varying selectivity in a topographic organization (Figure 2). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of two-photon imaging and spike inference in measuring receptive fields across a contiguous brain network in vivo. ...
Position Selectivity in Scene- and Object-Responsive
... (TOS). The sensitivity of neurons in these regions to the retinal position of stimuli is unknown, but could provide insight into their roles in scene perception and navigation. To address this issue, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural responses evoked by sequences ...
... (TOS). The sensitivity of neurons in these regions to the retinal position of stimuli is unknown, but could provide insight into their roles in scene perception and navigation. To address this issue, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural responses evoked by sequences ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
... appear to have been reconnected (compared to rodents) to place much more emphasis on cortical processing, taking place in areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (see Chapter 2). The principle of the stage of sensory processing at which reward value is extracted and made explicit in the representatio ...
... appear to have been reconnected (compared to rodents) to place much more emphasis on cortical processing, taking place in areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (see Chapter 2). The principle of the stage of sensory processing at which reward value is extracted and made explicit in the representatio ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
What can mice tell us about how vision works?
... sense to evaluate their surroundings and guide their behavior. For more than a century, animal studies of visual system structure and function relied primarily on cats and non-human primates, such as macaques. The rationale for using those species is clear: they have large eyes, high visual acuity a ...
... sense to evaluate their surroundings and guide their behavior. For more than a century, animal studies of visual system structure and function relied primarily on cats and non-human primates, such as macaques. The rationale for using those species is clear: they have large eyes, high visual acuity a ...
contextual influences on visual processing
... Figure 2 Neuronal directional selectivity, as first observed by Hubel & Wiesel (1968) in primary visual cortex (area V1) of rhesus monkey. The neuronal receptive field is indicated by broken rectangles in the left column. The visual stimulus was moved in each of 14 directions (rows A–G, opposing dir ...
... Figure 2 Neuronal directional selectivity, as first observed by Hubel & Wiesel (1968) in primary visual cortex (area V1) of rhesus monkey. The neuronal receptive field is indicated by broken rectangles in the left column. The visual stimulus was moved in each of 14 directions (rows A–G, opposing dir ...
Visual extinction
Visual extinction is a neurological disorder which occurs following damage to the parietal lobe of the brain. It is similar to, but distinct from, hemispatial neglect. Visual extinction has the characteristic symptom of difficulty to perceive contralesional stimuli when presented simultaneously with an ipsilesional stimulus, but the ability to correctly identify them when not presented simultaneously. Under simultaneous presentation, the contralesional stimulus is apparently ignored by the patient, or extinguished. This deficiency may lead to difficulty on behalf of the patient with processing the stimuli’s 3D position.