The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris
... samples and all coral samples. The microplastics were all fibrous in shape, were commonly 2–3 mm in length and less than 0.1 mm in diameter (electronic supplementary material, figure S1). Plastic microfibre abundance in the sediments ranged from 1.4 to 40 pieces per 50 ml (mean ± s.e.: 13.4 ± 3.5; figur ...
... samples and all coral samples. The microplastics were all fibrous in shape, were commonly 2–3 mm in length and less than 0.1 mm in diameter (electronic supplementary material, figure S1). Plastic microfibre abundance in the sediments ranged from 1.4 to 40 pieces per 50 ml (mean ± s.e.: 13.4 ± 3.5; figur ...
Decreasing intensity of open-ocean convection in the Greenland and Iceland seas LETTERS *
... show that the wintertime retreat of sea ice in the region, combined with different rates of warming for the atmosphere and sea surface of the Greenland and Iceland seas, has resulted in statistically significant reductions of approximately 20% in the magnitude of the winter air–sea heat fluxes since ...
... show that the wintertime retreat of sea ice in the region, combined with different rates of warming for the atmosphere and sea surface of the Greenland and Iceland seas, has resulted in statistically significant reductions of approximately 20% in the magnitude of the winter air–sea heat fluxes since ...
Gordon_S_Atl_Ventilation_DSR81.pdf
... parallels the 4°C isotherm. Over the continental slope there is a thick low-salinity, highoxygen layer reaching to depths of 800 m. The AAIW characteristics form a continuous feature with a subsurface layer of slope water (approximately from 200 to 800 m), which is presumably carried northward from ...
... parallels the 4°C isotherm. Over the continental slope there is a thick low-salinity, highoxygen layer reaching to depths of 800 m. The AAIW characteristics form a continuous feature with a subsurface layer of slope water (approximately from 200 to 800 m), which is presumably carried northward from ...
Peruvian anchovy landings and El Niño events
... differing physical characteristics (temperature and salinity) with resulting variations in density. Some fronts which have weak boundaries at the surface have strong “walls” below the surface. The boundary zones are sites of increased biological production. ...
... differing physical characteristics (temperature and salinity) with resulting variations in density. Some fronts which have weak boundaries at the surface have strong “walls” below the surface. The boundary zones are sites of increased biological production. ...
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): Years 16-20
... NELSON, C., and C.A. CARLSON. 2005. A nonradioactive assay of bacterial productivity optimized for oligotrophic pelagic environments. Limnology and Oceanography:Methods ...
... NELSON, C., and C.A. CARLSON. 2005. A nonradioactive assay of bacterial productivity optimized for oligotrophic pelagic environments. Limnology and Oceanography:Methods ...
Ocean
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
Presentation - Copernicus.org
... with previous observations. The extent of the SSS-max has a surprisingly large amount of interannual variability. It has fluctuated in size during the course of the Aquarius era by about 33%. There has also been a general freshening of the area where the SSS-max is located, larger than any expected ...
... with previous observations. The extent of the SSS-max has a surprisingly large amount of interannual variability. It has fluctuated in size during the course of the Aquarius era by about 33%. There has also been a general freshening of the area where the SSS-max is located, larger than any expected ...
Aalborg Universitet MEFEPO
... Current, the Azores Current, Portugal Current and the Canary Current. The Mediterranean flow is a relatively warm current that sinks to around 1000 m depth as it enters in the Atlantic and flows northwards with variable intensity from year to year. These currents in combination with the winds produc ...
... Current, the Azores Current, Portugal Current and the Canary Current. The Mediterranean flow is a relatively warm current that sinks to around 1000 m depth as it enters in the Atlantic and flows northwards with variable intensity from year to year. These currents in combination with the winds produc ...
exhanges.naobook
... development of numerous extensions from paleoclimate proxies, and Cook (2002) critically reviews these attempts. He also presents a new winter NAO index reconstruction back to AD 1400. Another reason for invigorated interest in the NAO is that the richly complex and differential responses of the sur ...
... development of numerous extensions from paleoclimate proxies, and Cook (2002) critically reviews these attempts. He also presents a new winter NAO index reconstruction back to AD 1400. Another reason for invigorated interest in the NAO is that the richly complex and differential responses of the sur ...
OL OOP Section 01 - CCMI - Central Caribbean Marine Institute
... m (19,686 ft). It is a huge flat floor of an ocean basin that is covered with a layer of sediment. It covers over 50% of the ocean area and is the single largest environment on Earth. 5. OCEAN TRENCH The deepest places on the earth's surface are known as Ocean Trenches. These trenches are like deep ...
... m (19,686 ft). It is a huge flat floor of an ocean basin that is covered with a layer of sediment. It covers over 50% of the ocean area and is the single largest environment on Earth. 5. OCEAN TRENCH The deepest places on the earth's surface are known as Ocean Trenches. These trenches are like deep ...
Bering Strait throughflow and the thermohaline circulation
... stronger deep convection, and a stronger THC, as shown by Goosse et al. [1997] and Wadley and Bigg [2002]. On the other hand, when a pulse of freshwater flux is applied into the northern North Atlantic, a closed Bering Strait would not allow the transport of the freshwater anomaly out of the Atlanti ...
... stronger deep convection, and a stronger THC, as shown by Goosse et al. [1997] and Wadley and Bigg [2002]. On the other hand, when a pulse of freshwater flux is applied into the northern North Atlantic, a closed Bering Strait would not allow the transport of the freshwater anomaly out of the Atlanti ...
Exploring the Possibility of Altered Ocean Circulation Patterns Using
... evaporation, as well as differential heating between the polar and equatorial regions. Overall, there are net gains of heat and salt in the equatorial regions, and net losses of heat and salt in the polar regions (Shimokawa & Ozawa, 2002). This flux imbalance results in the inhomogeneous distributio ...
... evaporation, as well as differential heating between the polar and equatorial regions. Overall, there are net gains of heat and salt in the equatorial regions, and net losses of heat and salt in the polar regions (Shimokawa & Ozawa, 2002). This flux imbalance results in the inhomogeneous distributio ...
Salinity Patterns in the Ocean
... not usually included in salinity and density studies. In many ocean regions, particularly in the tropics, the subtropics and the deep ocean, temperature variations are more important than salinity in changing density. However, at higher latitudes, the presence of freshened surface waters resulting f ...
... not usually included in salinity and density studies. In many ocean regions, particularly in the tropics, the subtropics and the deep ocean, temperature variations are more important than salinity in changing density. However, at higher latitudes, the presence of freshened surface waters resulting f ...
Double-Diffusive Convection and Interleaving in the Arctic Ocean
... Double-diffusive convection and double-diffusively driven intrusions are among the most prominent non-mechanically driven mixing processes. For the present purpose we assume that sea water is incompressible and that its density is determined by two components; its temperature (T) and its salinity (S ...
... Double-diffusive convection and double-diffusively driven intrusions are among the most prominent non-mechanically driven mixing processes. For the present purpose we assume that sea water is incompressible and that its density is determined by two components; its temperature (T) and its salinity (S ...
Marine Radiocarbon Evidence for the Mechanism of Deglacial
... after 18 kyr BP records a collapse of GNAIW that has been linked to a massive discharge of glacial ice and fresh water to the North Atlantic known as Heinrich event 1. Following a recovery during the Bølling-Allerød warm phase, another marked weakening of NADW/GNAIW is documented during the Younger ...
... after 18 kyr BP records a collapse of GNAIW that has been linked to a massive discharge of glacial ice and fresh water to the North Atlantic known as Heinrich event 1. Following a recovery during the Bølling-Allerød warm phase, another marked weakening of NADW/GNAIW is documented during the Younger ...
Chapter 5 – Sea/Air Interactions
... globally averaged air temperature. However, the “recharge oscillator theory” (Ren and Jin, 2013) indicates that a buildup of upper-ocean heat content is a necessary precondition for the development of El Niño events. La Niñas are associated with a strengthening of the trade winds, which leads to a s ...
... globally averaged air temperature. However, the “recharge oscillator theory” (Ren and Jin, 2013) indicates that a buildup of upper-ocean heat content is a necessary precondition for the development of El Niño events. La Niñas are associated with a strengthening of the trade winds, which leads to a s ...
Part 3. Oceanic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling
... The surface ocean exchanges CO2 gas with the atmosphere at relatively short time scales. Most of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the ocean is stored in the deep ocean, where it can remain for centuries. Deepwater formation occurs only in a few regions of the world - in the Southern Ocean, and i ...
... The surface ocean exchanges CO2 gas with the atmosphere at relatively short time scales. Most of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the ocean is stored in the deep ocean, where it can remain for centuries. Deepwater formation occurs only in a few regions of the world - in the Southern Ocean, and i ...
Attachment 1
... We know wind makes waves on the sea. The waves can mix up the pieces of plastic so they’re not all at the surface, they’ll get down to a few meters below the surface. However, this is VERY dependent on wind speeds. o In average wind conditions at sea, about 54% of plastic pieces CAN (but not necessa ...
... We know wind makes waves on the sea. The waves can mix up the pieces of plastic so they’re not all at the surface, they’ll get down to a few meters below the surface. However, this is VERY dependent on wind speeds. o In average wind conditions at sea, about 54% of plastic pieces CAN (but not necessa ...
DIVIDENDS FROM INVESTING IN OCEAN OBSERVATIONS: A
... Prandle and Flemming 1998, p.23; EuroCLIVAR 1998). Records from ice cores and ocean sediments show that this circulation has varied dramatically in the past, and that significant changes could occur which would result in the climate of Europe becoming similar to present day Labrador. More normal flu ...
... Prandle and Flemming 1998, p.23; EuroCLIVAR 1998). Records from ice cores and ocean sediments show that this circulation has varied dramatically in the past, and that significant changes could occur which would result in the climate of Europe becoming similar to present day Labrador. More normal flu ...
The tilt of mean sea level along the east coast of North America
... Applying the gap statistic to the ocean estimates showed there to be only one cluster. However, there is spatially structured variability within the cluster. From a principal component analysis based on the covariance matrix, we found the first spatial mode (Figure 2b). This mode accounts for 84% of ...
... Applying the gap statistic to the ocean estimates showed there to be only one cluster. However, there is spatially structured variability within the cluster. From a principal component analysis based on the covariance matrix, we found the first spatial mode (Figure 2b). This mode accounts for 84% of ...
Ocean - Geological Society of India
... How do scientists study the Oceans? A well-equipped research ship is the most important mobile research station required to study the sea. Looking at the oceans extending up to the horizon is both amazing and interesting. As the ship moves away from the coast towards the deeper part of the ocean, t ...
... How do scientists study the Oceans? A well-equipped research ship is the most important mobile research station required to study the sea. Looking at the oceans extending up to the horizon is both amazing and interesting. As the ship moves away from the coast towards the deeper part of the ocean, t ...
Ocean Life Zones PPT - Lyndhurst School District
... THE GLOBAL OCEAN Ø vast wilderness, much of it unknown Ø affects cycles of matter on land, influences ...
... THE GLOBAL OCEAN Ø vast wilderness, much of it unknown Ø affects cycles of matter on land, influences ...
chapter 3 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... - There are two types of continental margins; passive, or Atlantic, continental margins and active, or Pacific, continental margins. - Passive margins: a. are found around the rim of the Atlantic Ocean, b. are not plate boundaries, c. have little or no seismic or volcanic activity, and d. form when ...
... - There are two types of continental margins; passive, or Atlantic, continental margins and active, or Pacific, continental margins. - Passive margins: a. are found around the rim of the Atlantic Ocean, b. are not plate boundaries, c. have little or no seismic or volcanic activity, and d. form when ...
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceanic divisions, following the Pacific Ocean. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi), it covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the ""Sea of Atlas"".The oldest known mention of ""Atlantic"" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas). The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century. Before Europeans discovered other oceans, their term ""ocean"" was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that are now known as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.