Processes for making sugar and/or sugar alcohol dehydration
... heated carbohydrate and solvent are continuously ?owed through a solid phase catalyst in the presence of an alcohol to form a HMF ether. The solvent is removed by rotary evapo ration to provide a substantially pure HMF ether. In another embodiment, a carbohydrate is heated with an organic acid ...
... heated carbohydrate and solvent are continuously ?owed through a solid phase catalyst in the presence of an alcohol to form a HMF ether. The solvent is removed by rotary evapo ration to provide a substantially pure HMF ether. In another embodiment, a carbohydrate is heated with an organic acid ...
85 Q.2 Pure water has a low electricity conductivity because A. it
... What volume of water, when added to 25 cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid, would give a 0.2M solution of the acid? A. 10 cm3 B. 100 cm3 C. 225 cm3 D. 250 cm3 88 Q.14 Consider the reaction: MnO4 - (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) → 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) Which of the following statements concerning the ab ...
... What volume of water, when added to 25 cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid, would give a 0.2M solution of the acid? A. 10 cm3 B. 100 cm3 C. 225 cm3 D. 250 cm3 88 Q.14 Consider the reaction: MnO4 - (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) → 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) Which of the following statements concerning the ab ...
Active Learning Questions
... 31. Of the hydrogen halides, only HF is a weak acid. Give a possible explanation. 32. Explain why the following are done, both of which are related to acid–base chemistry. a. Power plants burning coal with high sulfur content use scrubbers to help eliminate sulfur emissions. b. A gardener mixes lime ...
... 31. Of the hydrogen halides, only HF is a weak acid. Give a possible explanation. 32. Explain why the following are done, both of which are related to acid–base chemistry. a. Power plants burning coal with high sulfur content use scrubbers to help eliminate sulfur emissions. b. A gardener mixes lime ...
Model for acid-base chemistry in nanoparticle growth (MABNAG)
... references therein). Importance of organic vapours is supported by the large organic fraction in larger, above 40 nm, particles measured with an aerosol mass spectrometer (Allan et al., 2006; Jimenez et al., 2009) and the observations on the composition of smaller nanoparticles (e.g. O’Dowd et al., ...
... references therein). Importance of organic vapours is supported by the large organic fraction in larger, above 40 nm, particles measured with an aerosol mass spectrometer (Allan et al., 2006; Jimenez et al., 2009) and the observations on the composition of smaller nanoparticles (e.g. O’Dowd et al., ...
Acid - Base
... A 5.00 gram sample of a dry mixture of potassium hysame and therefore only a very small change in droxide, potassium carbonate, and potassium chloride pH. is reacted with 0.100 liter of 2.00 molar HCl solution NH3 + H+ <=> NH4+ (a) A 249 milliliter sample of dry CO2 gas, measured at 22ºC and 740 tor ...
... A 5.00 gram sample of a dry mixture of potassium hysame and therefore only a very small change in droxide, potassium carbonate, and potassium chloride pH. is reacted with 0.100 liter of 2.00 molar HCl solution NH3 + H+ <=> NH4+ (a) A 249 milliliter sample of dry CO2 gas, measured at 22ºC and 740 tor ...
KENYATTA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF OPEN LEARNING SCH
... a) Oxidation Reactions 1) Aldehydes are easily oxidised to acids as they have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon. Oxidation involves abstraction of the hydrogen atom. Most reagents that oxidize an alcohol also oxidise an aldehyde (KMnO4 , , Cr(VI) reagents and nitric acid). Many aldehyd ...
... a) Oxidation Reactions 1) Aldehydes are easily oxidised to acids as they have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon. Oxidation involves abstraction of the hydrogen atom. Most reagents that oxidize an alcohol also oxidise an aldehyde (KMnO4 , , Cr(VI) reagents and nitric acid). Many aldehyd ...
105 ACID - DW Brooks
... in neutralization reactions to produce water and salts. It is most helpful to the chemist to be able to express quantitatively the concentration of hydrogen ion in solution. We can do this with a term called pH. At room temperature, systems below pH 7 are acidic and systems above pH 7 are basic. A s ...
... in neutralization reactions to produce water and salts. It is most helpful to the chemist to be able to express quantitatively the concentration of hydrogen ion in solution. We can do this with a term called pH. At room temperature, systems below pH 7 are acidic and systems above pH 7 are basic. A s ...
Guide Kjeldahl
... flame tests to the atomic force microscope sent to Mars for the exploration of martian soil. At the time when Johan Kjeldahl published his method for the determination of nitrogen in 1883 the electric lamp was just patented and the technical age in its childhood. Seldom in human history has an inven ...
... flame tests to the atomic force microscope sent to Mars for the exploration of martian soil. At the time when Johan Kjeldahl published his method for the determination of nitrogen in 1883 the electric lamp was just patented and the technical age in its childhood. Seldom in human history has an inven ...
Stains for Developing TLC Plates
... systems. While exposing these TLC plates to UV light, you will notice that the silica gel will fluoresce, while any organic molecule which absorbs UV light will appear as a dark blue spot. Circling these spots gently with a dull pencil will permit an initial method for visualization. Fortunately, th ...
... systems. While exposing these TLC plates to UV light, you will notice that the silica gel will fluoresce, while any organic molecule which absorbs UV light will appear as a dark blue spot. Circling these spots gently with a dull pencil will permit an initial method for visualization. Fortunately, th ...
Stains for Developing TLC Plates ()
... systems. While exposing these TLC plates to UV light, you will notice that the silica gel will fluoresce, while any organic molecule which absorbs UV light will appear as a dark blue spot. Circling these spots gently with a dull pencil will permit an initial method for visualization. Fortunately, th ...
... systems. While exposing these TLC plates to UV light, you will notice that the silica gel will fluoresce, while any organic molecule which absorbs UV light will appear as a dark blue spot. Circling these spots gently with a dull pencil will permit an initial method for visualization. Fortunately, th ...
1970 - 2005 Acid/Base FRQs
... A 5.00 gram sample of a dry mixture of potassium hysame and therefore only a very small change in droxide, potassium carbonate, and potassium chloride pH. is reacted with 0.100 liter of 2.00 molar HCl solution NH3 + H+ <=> NH4+ (a) A 249 milliliter sample of dry CO2 gas, measured at 22ºC and 740 tor ...
... A 5.00 gram sample of a dry mixture of potassium hysame and therefore only a very small change in droxide, potassium carbonate, and potassium chloride pH. is reacted with 0.100 liter of 2.00 molar HCl solution NH3 + H+ <=> NH4+ (a) A 249 milliliter sample of dry CO2 gas, measured at 22ºC and 740 tor ...
chemistry sp.indd
... Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included ...
... Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included ...
Acids, Bases and Salts
... of positively charged cations (usually metal or ammonium ions) and the negatively charged anions, so that the product remains neutral and without a net charge. The anions may be inorganic (Cl-) as well as organic (CH3COO-) and monoatomic (F-) as well as polyatomic ions (SO42-). Salt's solution in wa ...
... of positively charged cations (usually metal or ammonium ions) and the negatively charged anions, so that the product remains neutral and without a net charge. The anions may be inorganic (Cl-) as well as organic (CH3COO-) and monoatomic (F-) as well as polyatomic ions (SO42-). Salt's solution in wa ...
Acids and Bases Unit
... pink color to disappear. When adding the milk solution to the glass with the bromothymol blue indicator and the hydrochloric acid, the solution will become more basic and the indicator will cause the solution to become a brown color. When adding the mild solution to the glass with the sodium dich ...
... pink color to disappear. When adding the milk solution to the glass with the bromothymol blue indicator and the hydrochloric acid, the solution will become more basic and the indicator will cause the solution to become a brown color. When adding the mild solution to the glass with the sodium dich ...
Interaction Studies of Dilute Aqueous Oxalic Acid
... The values of apparent molar volume v were used for applicability of Masson’s equation. The plot of c0.5 versus v was not linear. The variation of v with c0.5 followed a cyclic trend having maxima and minima. This type of trend resembles with the X –ray refraction data on liquids in radial distribut ...
... The values of apparent molar volume v were used for applicability of Masson’s equation. The plot of c0.5 versus v was not linear. The variation of v with c0.5 followed a cyclic trend having maxima and minima. This type of trend resembles with the X –ray refraction data on liquids in radial distribut ...
unit 12 aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids
... However both of them form H-bonds with water and hence are soluble. Q.10 Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in nucleophillic addition reaction than propanol. Explain. Ans C-atom of Carbonyl group of benzaldehyde is less electrophilic than C-atom of Carbonyl group in p ...
... However both of them form H-bonds with water and hence are soluble. Q.10 Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in nucleophillic addition reaction than propanol. Explain. Ans C-atom of Carbonyl group of benzaldehyde is less electrophilic than C-atom of Carbonyl group in p ...
СУМСЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ
... All the oxides of one-valency metals (Na2О, K2O, Cu2O и др.) are basic. Most oxides of two-valency metals (СаО, ВаО, FeO и др.) are also basic. Exceptions: BeO, ZnO, PbO, SnO, which are amphoteric. Most oxides of three- and four-valency metals are ...
... All the oxides of one-valency metals (Na2О, K2O, Cu2O и др.) are basic. Most oxides of two-valency metals (СаО, ВаО, FeO и др.) are also basic. Exceptions: BeO, ZnO, PbO, SnO, which are amphoteric. Most oxides of three- and four-valency metals are ...
carboxylic acid
... limited to use with primary and some secondary alkyl halides. The second method involves formation of a Grignard reagent and is therefore limited to use with organic halides that have no acidic hydrogens or reactive functional groups. In the present instance, either method would work well. ...
... limited to use with primary and some secondary alkyl halides. The second method involves formation of a Grignard reagent and is therefore limited to use with organic halides that have no acidic hydrogens or reactive functional groups. In the present instance, either method would work well. ...
Acids and Bases
... a species that donates a proton, and a base is a species that accepts a proton. (Remember that positively charged hydrogen ions are called protons.) In the following reaction, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is an acid because it donates a proton to water, and water is a base because it accepts a proton fro ...
... a species that donates a proton, and a base is a species that accepts a proton. (Remember that positively charged hydrogen ions are called protons.) In the following reaction, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is an acid because it donates a proton to water, and water is a base because it accepts a proton fro ...
Topic 8 Acids and Bases File
... Diprotic: Where one mole of an acid produces two moles of hydrogen ions, e.g. H2SO4. End point: The point at which the indicator changes colour most rapidly. Equimolar: Containing moles at a ratio equal to the stoichiometric ratio. Equivalence point: Where the acid and base are in equimolar quantiti ...
... Diprotic: Where one mole of an acid produces two moles of hydrogen ions, e.g. H2SO4. End point: The point at which the indicator changes colour most rapidly. Equimolar: Containing moles at a ratio equal to the stoichiometric ratio. Equivalence point: Where the acid and base are in equimolar quantiti ...
6—Acid Neutralizing Power of Commercial Antacids
... clothing. Wear gloves when handling these chemicals. A lab coat or lab apron is recommended. Hot glass looks the same as cold glass. Handle potentially hot glassware appropriately. NEVER combine acids and bases while they are hot; the solutions could spatter and result in serious injury. ...
... clothing. Wear gloves when handling these chemicals. A lab coat or lab apron is recommended. Hot glass looks the same as cold glass. Handle potentially hot glassware appropriately. NEVER combine acids and bases while they are hot; the solutions could spatter and result in serious injury. ...
Synthesis of Heterocycles from Anthranilic acid
... indigo. It decomposed to aniline and carbon dioxide on heating above the melting point, but Fritzsche had no means to determine its actual structure. Freiherr Justus von Liebig (1818-1873)i, one of the most influential chemists of the time, took notice of Fritzsche’s work and also repeated and confi ...
... indigo. It decomposed to aniline and carbon dioxide on heating above the melting point, but Fritzsche had no means to determine its actual structure. Freiherr Justus von Liebig (1818-1873)i, one of the most influential chemists of the time, took notice of Fritzsche’s work and also repeated and confi ...
Esters amines and amides
... Carboxylic acids: • form hydrogen bonds with many water molecules. • with 1-4 carbon atoms are very soluble in water. • as carbon atoms increase in chains, solubility decreases. ...
... Carboxylic acids: • form hydrogen bonds with many water molecules. • with 1-4 carbon atoms are very soluble in water. • as carbon atoms increase in chains, solubility decreases. ...
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4 and molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sometimes, it is dyed dark brown during production to alert people to its hazards. The historical name of this acid is oil of vitriol.Sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid and shows different properties depending upon its concentration. Its corrosiveness on other materials, like metals, living tissues or even stones, can be mainly ascribed to its strong acidic nature and, if concentrated, strong dehydrating and oxidizing properties. Sulfuric acid at a high concentration can cause very serious damage upon contact, since not only does it cause chemical burns via hydrolysis, but also secondary thermal burns through dehydration. It can lead to permanent blindness if splashed onto eyes and irreversible damage if swallowed. Accordingly, safety precautions should be strictly observed when handling it. Moreover, it is hygroscopic, readily absorbing water vapour from the air.Sulfuric acid has a wide range of applications including domestic acidic drain cleaner, electrolyte in lead-acid batteries and various cleaning agents. It is also a central substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include mineral processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. It is widely produced with different methods, such as contact process, wet sulfuric acid process and some other methods.