A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... and s j that are never confounded with a common stimulus. Mathematically, this means that for each k, either Q(s k |s i ) or Q(s k |s j ) (or both) must vanish, that is, whenever Q(s k |s i ) = 0, Q(s k |s j ) = 0 (and vice versa). In this case, whatever the response of the subject to stimulus s i ...
... and s j that are never confounded with a common stimulus. Mathematically, this means that for each k, either Q(s k |s i ) or Q(s k |s j ) (or both) must vanish, that is, whenever Q(s k |s i ) = 0, Q(s k |s j ) = 0 (and vice versa). In this case, whatever the response of the subject to stimulus s i ...
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials
... has been investigated following cochlear hearing loss or nerve injury. Deprivationinduced plasticity and its effects on how neurons process sound frequency have been studied extensively in animal models and also in humans. Peripheral hearing loss is capable of inducing changes in the number and prop ...
... has been investigated following cochlear hearing loss or nerve injury. Deprivationinduced plasticity and its effects on how neurons process sound frequency have been studied extensively in animal models and also in humans. Peripheral hearing loss is capable of inducing changes in the number and prop ...
Chapter 1
... Visual Expectations • Infants not only see forms and figures at an early age, but develop expectations about future events in their world. • When presented with a predicable sequence of pictures, 3-month-olds began to anticipate the location of the pictures. • These infants formed these expectation ...
... Visual Expectations • Infants not only see forms and figures at an early age, but develop expectations about future events in their world. • When presented with a predicable sequence of pictures, 3-month-olds began to anticipate the location of the pictures. • These infants formed these expectation ...
Bipolar Cell
... Actually, we have more than five, but even experts disagree about how the lines between the various categories should be drawn. • Certainly, we should add the vestibular senses; as well as providing us with auditory information, the inner ear supplies information about head orientation and movement. ...
... Actually, we have more than five, but even experts disagree about how the lines between the various categories should be drawn. • Certainly, we should add the vestibular senses; as well as providing us with auditory information, the inner ear supplies information about head orientation and movement. ...
Can We Really See a Million Colours? David Papineau Abstract
... of memory limitation. On the orthodox view, subjects are capable of distinct conscious responses to a great many more than a few dozen different coloured surfaces; so their inability to make reliable same/different responses to more than a few dozen successively presented surfaces must be due to som ...
... of memory limitation. On the orthodox view, subjects are capable of distinct conscious responses to a great many more than a few dozen different coloured surfaces; so their inability to make reliable same/different responses to more than a few dozen successively presented surfaces must be due to som ...
ConcTheory
... functional architecture, if it existed in biological brains, would therefore be the basis for a scientific theory of consciousness as described in the previous paragraph. Design experience with electronic systems has demonstrated that unless a functional architecture exists and is simple in the sens ...
... functional architecture, if it existed in biological brains, would therefore be the basis for a scientific theory of consciousness as described in the previous paragraph. Design experience with electronic systems has demonstrated that unless a functional architecture exists and is simple in the sens ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... contrast modulates neuronal responses in the anesthetized mammal: Two occur when a single stimulus appears alone within the neuronal receptive field, and two occur when two stimuli appear together, either both within the classical receptive field or one inside the receptive field and the other in th ...
... contrast modulates neuronal responses in the anesthetized mammal: Two occur when a single stimulus appears alone within the neuronal receptive field, and two occur when two stimuli appear together, either both within the classical receptive field or one inside the receptive field and the other in th ...
Alterations to multisensory and unisensory integration by stimulus
... was positioned on a microdrive stage and lowered into the SC. After reaching the superficial layers of the SC, the electrode was advanced with the hydraulic microdrive while monitoring neural activity and presenting search stimuli. Single neuron activity was recorded, amplified, and then sent to an ...
... was positioned on a microdrive stage and lowered into the SC. After reaching the superficial layers of the SC, the electrode was advanced with the hydraulic microdrive while monitoring neural activity and presenting search stimuli. Single neuron activity was recorded, amplified, and then sent to an ...
PDF
... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... given that the thalamus has been referred to as the gateway of nearly all sensory inputs to the corresponding cortical areas. Interestingly, in an early stage of brain development, communicative innervations between the dorsal thalamus and telencephalon must pass through the ventral thalamus, the ma ...
... given that the thalamus has been referred to as the gateway of nearly all sensory inputs to the corresponding cortical areas. Interestingly, in an early stage of brain development, communicative innervations between the dorsal thalamus and telencephalon must pass through the ventral thalamus, the ma ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... the existence of canonical microcircuits that are replicated across brain areas, for example, across regions of the cerebral cortex 1,2. Physiological and behavioural evidence suggests that canonical neural computations exist — standard computational modules that apply the same fundamental operation ...
... the existence of canonical microcircuits that are replicated across brain areas, for example, across regions of the cerebral cortex 1,2. Physiological and behavioural evidence suggests that canonical neural computations exist — standard computational modules that apply the same fundamental operation ...
Document
... inserted between fixation offset and target onset. In the distractor paradigm, a distractor is shown at central fixation at the time of target onset. Consistent with the idea that the distractor effect originates in the superior colliculus, it has been demonstrated that isoluminant blue stimuli do n ...
... inserted between fixation offset and target onset. In the distractor paradigm, a distractor is shown at central fixation at the time of target onset. Consistent with the idea that the distractor effect originates in the superior colliculus, it has been demonstrated that isoluminant blue stimuli do n ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... the existence of canonical microcircuits that are replicated across brain areas, for example, across regions of the cerebral cortex 1,2. Physiological and behavioural evidence suggests that canonical neural computations exist — standard computational modules that apply the same fundamental operation ...
... the existence of canonical microcircuits that are replicated across brain areas, for example, across regions of the cerebral cortex 1,2. Physiological and behavioural evidence suggests that canonical neural computations exist — standard computational modules that apply the same fundamental operation ...
Saccadic Suppression of Retinotopically Localized Blood Oxygen
... Functional images were time and motion cor(see Materials and Methods, Eye movement recording and stimulus presentation). rected, unwarped, coregistered against a high resolution (1 ⫻ 1 ⫻ 1 mm voxel size) MPRAGE T1 image, and normalized to a standard template Japan, Yokohama, Japan) positioned outsid ...
... Functional images were time and motion cor(see Materials and Methods, Eye movement recording and stimulus presentation). rected, unwarped, coregistered against a high resolution (1 ⫻ 1 ⫻ 1 mm voxel size) MPRAGE T1 image, and normalized to a standard template Japan, Yokohama, Japan) positioned outsid ...
The prototype effect revisited: Evidence for an abstract feature model
... of this kind can be confused with truly familiar faces, a result referred to as the prototype effect. However, recent studies have failed to find evidence for a full effect, one in which the prototype is regarded not only as familiar, but as more familiar than faces which have been seen before. This ...
... of this kind can be confused with truly familiar faces, a result referred to as the prototype effect. However, recent studies have failed to find evidence for a full effect, one in which the prototype is regarded not only as familiar, but as more familiar than faces which have been seen before. This ...
download file
... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
Binocular vision, the optic chiasm, and their associations with
... Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | www.frontiersin.org ...
... Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | www.frontiersin.org ...
Olfaction
... an odorant following exposure to another odorant q Presumed to occur because the two odors share one or more olfactory receptors for their transduction, but the order of odorants also plays a role ...
... an odorant following exposure to another odorant q Presumed to occur because the two odors share one or more olfactory receptors for their transduction, but the order of odorants also plays a role ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... Figure 1. Working hypothesis and experimental design. Scheme of signals and neuronal stations involved in this study. Afferent signals that compose the working hypothesis for this study are (solid arcs) consist of Whisking signals (signals that contain information on whisker movement regardless of ...
... Figure 1. Working hypothesis and experimental design. Scheme of signals and neuronal stations involved in this study. Afferent signals that compose the working hypothesis for this study are (solid arcs) consist of Whisking signals (signals that contain information on whisker movement regardless of ...
Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
... events that cause tissue damage (and hence pain). • Some receptors report changes in _______________ to the brain; providing our sense of ______________. • Additional receptors provide information about the internal organs such as the linings of muscles and the gastrointestinal system. ...
... events that cause tissue damage (and hence pain). • Some receptors report changes in _______________ to the brain; providing our sense of ______________. • Additional receptors provide information about the internal organs such as the linings of muscles and the gastrointestinal system. ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... altered by adaptation. Recent studies have shown that how tuning is altered depends on the cortical area investigated and on the adaptation paradigm used. Early studies showed that V1 responses to preferred stimuli are reduced after adaptation with preferred but not opposite (“null”) or orthogonal s ...
... altered by adaptation. Recent studies have shown that how tuning is altered depends on the cortical area investigated and on the adaptation paradigm used. Early studies showed that V1 responses to preferred stimuli are reduced after adaptation with preferred but not opposite (“null”) or orthogonal s ...
The Face as a Sensory Organ
... Merkel cells have been described in facial skin.11 The first type is localized in the dermis, on the external root sheath collar; it is not associated with nerve terminals and it is undifferentiated. The Merkel cells localized in the basal layer of the epidermis are associated with nerve terminals a ...
... Merkel cells have been described in facial skin.11 The first type is localized in the dermis, on the external root sheath collar; it is not associated with nerve terminals and it is undifferentiated. The Merkel cells localized in the basal layer of the epidermis are associated with nerve terminals a ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t tests, evaluated at the p < 0.05 level of significance. However, the fact that a response difference is statistically significant does not, in itself, indicate how potentially useful the difference is in discriminating among the stimuli. We were particularly intere ...
... analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t tests, evaluated at the p < 0.05 level of significance. However, the fact that a response difference is statistically significant does not, in itself, indicate how potentially useful the difference is in discriminating among the stimuli. We were particularly intere ...
Perception
""Percept"", ""perceptual"", ""perceptible"" and ""imperceptible"" redirect here. For the Brian Blade album, see Perceptual (album). For the perceptibility of digital watermarks, see Digital watermarking#Perceptibility. For other uses, see Perception (disambiguation) and Percept (disambiguation).Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention.Perception can be split into two processes Firstly processing sensory input which transforms these low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). Secondly processing which is connected with person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception.Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness.Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th Century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and animal brains are structured in a modular way, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, taste is strongly influenced by smell.