ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... on the scalp. The resulting output is a series of waves that occur within 10 milliseconds of the stimulus presentation. The positive vertex waves – those pointing upwards – are numbered I to VII, and each one generally corresponds to a specific point of activity along the central auditory pathway ( ...
... on the scalp. The resulting output is a series of waves that occur within 10 milliseconds of the stimulus presentation. The positive vertex waves – those pointing upwards – are numbered I to VII, and each one generally corresponds to a specific point of activity along the central auditory pathway ( ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... Center for Computational Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, and 2Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ...
... Center for Computational Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, and 2Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The ...
... noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The ...
Timescales of Inference in Visual Adaptation
... ongoing inference problem. Guided by predictions of this model, we found that the dynamics of adaptation depend on the discriminability of the change in stimulus distribution and that the retina exploits information contained in properties of the stimulus beyond the mean and variance to adapt more q ...
... ongoing inference problem. Guided by predictions of this model, we found that the dynamics of adaptation depend on the discriminability of the change in stimulus distribution and that the retina exploits information contained in properties of the stimulus beyond the mean and variance to adapt more q ...
The auditory cortex
... (Hellweg et al. 1977) or up to six auditory ®elds (Redies et al. 1989), rats were described as having two (Sally and Kelly 1988) or four ®elds (Horikawa et al. 1988), and house mice, depending on the strain, may have three not well-de®ned (Willott et al. 1993) or ®ve clearly distinct ®elds (Stiebler ...
... (Hellweg et al. 1977) or up to six auditory ®elds (Redies et al. 1989), rats were described as having two (Sally and Kelly 1988) or four ®elds (Horikawa et al. 1988), and house mice, depending on the strain, may have three not well-de®ned (Willott et al. 1993) or ®ve clearly distinct ®elds (Stiebler ...
4. Conclusions and Perspectives - RuCCS
... either the right or the left visual field and participants were required to indicate whether or not the circle surrounded a point previously occupied by a dot. The perceptual task was similar except that the dot patterns remained on the screen while the circle was presented. Reaction times and error ...
... either the right or the left visual field and participants were required to indicate whether or not the circle surrounded a point previously occupied by a dot. The perceptual task was similar except that the dot patterns remained on the screen while the circle was presented. Reaction times and error ...
download file
... threatening condition. This first exposure made me realize that research was a good fit for my personality, my thirst of knowledge and that it would be a great means to challenge my mind as a way of life and for a good cause. The most important person responsible for my success after deciding to emb ...
... threatening condition. This first exposure made me realize that research was a good fit for my personality, my thirst of knowledge and that it would be a great means to challenge my mind as a way of life and for a good cause. The most important person responsible for my success after deciding to emb ...
The Effects of Short-term and Long-term Learning on the Responses
... The monkeys were trained on three tasks, run consecutively in each session (Figure 2). The first two tasks were mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (se ...
... The monkeys were trained on three tasks, run consecutively in each session (Figure 2). The first two tasks were mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (se ...
Lecture 14 Olfaction
... • How can we detect so many different scents if our genes only code for about 1000 olfactory receptors? • We can detect the pattern of activity across receptors. • Intensity of odorant also changes which receptors will be activated. Weak concentrations of an odorant may not smell the same as stron ...
... • How can we detect so many different scents if our genes only code for about 1000 olfactory receptors? • We can detect the pattern of activity across receptors. • Intensity of odorant also changes which receptors will be activated. Weak concentrations of an odorant may not smell the same as stron ...
Neurophysiology of synesthesia. - Hal-CEA
... research, using both anatomical techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel based morphometry (VBM) and functional techniques such as event related potentials (ERPs) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) might help to distinguish between these accounts. Theories at the architectural level ...
... research, using both anatomical techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel based morphometry (VBM) and functional techniques such as event related potentials (ERPs) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) might help to distinguish between these accounts. Theories at the architectural level ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... been restricted to postmortem anatomical analyses of degeneration patterns after retinal or cortical lesions (Rönne, 1910; Juba and Szatmári, 1937; Kupfer, 1962; Hickey and Guillery, 1979). Here, we used high-resolution (1.5 ⫻ 1.5 ⫻ 2 mm 3) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T in hu ...
... been restricted to postmortem anatomical analyses of degeneration patterns after retinal or cortical lesions (Rönne, 1910; Juba and Szatmári, 1937; Kupfer, 1962; Hickey and Guillery, 1979). Here, we used high-resolution (1.5 ⫻ 1.5 ⫻ 2 mm 3) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T in hu ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... acquisition of information about relationships between stimuli, it is still necessary to have a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the inference that neural processes underlying learning have developed plasticity. Most cont ...
... acquisition of information about relationships between stimuli, it is still necessary to have a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the inference that neural processes underlying learning have developed plasticity. Most cont ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... over time contains information about a stimulus that is meaningful to an organism. For example, information about taste quality could be conveyed by systematic changes in the firing rate over time (i.e. the rate envelope or time course) within a response, by the timing of spikes during the response ( ...
... over time contains information about a stimulus that is meaningful to an organism. For example, information about taste quality could be conveyed by systematic changes in the firing rate over time (i.e. the rate envelope or time course) within a response, by the timing of spikes during the response ( ...
Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... nature, these very intriguing vestibular-related functions have just begun to be explored. The vestibular system represents a great forum in which to address several fundamental questions in neuroscience: multisensory integration, changes of coordinate systems, separation of active from passive head ...
... nature, these very intriguing vestibular-related functions have just begun to be explored. The vestibular system represents a great forum in which to address several fundamental questions in neuroscience: multisensory integration, changes of coordinate systems, separation of active from passive head ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... (139, 140), showing that in humans perceptual representations of taste and olfaction are kept separate from hedonic representations. This separation is adaptive in that we do not become insensitive to the sight, taste, and smell of food after eating it to satiety, and we can therefore still learn ab ...
... (139, 140), showing that in humans perceptual representations of taste and olfaction are kept separate from hedonic representations. This separation is adaptive in that we do not become insensitive to the sight, taste, and smell of food after eating it to satiety, and we can therefore still learn ab ...
Selective amplification of the S
... space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectively. (A cardinal stimulus isolates one postreceptoral mechanism and is invisible to the other two, and hence is defined as the direction in cone ...
... space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectively. (A cardinal stimulus isolates one postreceptoral mechanism and is invisible to the other two, and hence is defined as the direction in cone ...
Document
... Sensory Information Sensory Receptors Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment When stimulated, a receptor passes information to the CNS in the form of action ...
... Sensory Information Sensory Receptors Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment When stimulated, a receptor passes information to the CNS in the form of action ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... The Interpretation of Sensory Information Sensations Taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision provided by specialized receptor cells Communicate with sensory neurons across chemical synapses ...
... The Interpretation of Sensory Information Sensations Taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision provided by specialized receptor cells Communicate with sensory neurons across chemical synapses ...
The Auditory System
... the hearing loss of the aged, the loss begins with degeneration of outer hair cells at the basal end of the cochlea, but does not seriously affect hearing until the upper range of speech frequencies, around 3,000 Hz, is affected. Noiseinduced hearing loss and severe blows to the head tend to affect ...
... the hearing loss of the aged, the loss begins with degeneration of outer hair cells at the basal end of the cochlea, but does not seriously affect hearing until the upper range of speech frequencies, around 3,000 Hz, is affected. Noiseinduced hearing loss and severe blows to the head tend to affect ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... conditioned r e s p e s are the result of the mutual interaction betmeen two arcs of excibatolry conditioned reflexes. In the case of alimentary reflexes, one reflex arc is formed as an result of association of a definite conditioned stimulus with food, as an uncmditioned stimulus. The other reflex ...
... conditioned r e s p e s are the result of the mutual interaction betmeen two arcs of excibatolry conditioned reflexes. In the case of alimentary reflexes, one reflex arc is formed as an result of association of a definite conditioned stimulus with food, as an uncmditioned stimulus. The other reflex ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectively. (A cardinal stimulus isolates one postreceptoral mechanism and is invisible to the other two, and hence is defined as the direction in cone ...
... space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectively. (A cardinal stimulus isolates one postreceptoral mechanism and is invisible to the other two, and hence is defined as the direction in cone ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... more sensitive to a particular stimulus, kn will be larger. steady-state level below 300 Hz. This spike-frequency adaptation Without losing its essential features, the above model can be takes place within the first few hundred milliseconds after stimsolved analytically by assuming that the stimulus ...
... more sensitive to a particular stimulus, kn will be larger. steady-state level below 300 Hz. This spike-frequency adaptation Without losing its essential features, the above model can be takes place within the first few hundred milliseconds after stimsolved analytically by assuming that the stimulus ...
10-Sensation of Taste lecture
... Taste Pathway Taste information is send to the CNS by the crainial nerves # 7, 9 and 10 the taste nucleus (n. tractus solitarius) thalamus insular cortex ...
... Taste Pathway Taste information is send to the CNS by the crainial nerves # 7, 9 and 10 the taste nucleus (n. tractus solitarius) thalamus insular cortex ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
Perception
""Percept"", ""perceptual"", ""perceptible"" and ""imperceptible"" redirect here. For the Brian Blade album, see Perceptual (album). For the perceptibility of digital watermarks, see Digital watermarking#Perceptibility. For other uses, see Perception (disambiguation) and Percept (disambiguation).Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention.Perception can be split into two processes Firstly processing sensory input which transforms these low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). Secondly processing which is connected with person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception.Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness.Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th Century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and animal brains are structured in a modular way, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, taste is strongly influenced by smell.